Uridine triacetate   中文名称: 2',3',5'-三乙酰尿苷

在过表达 ENT1 和 ENT2 的 HeLa 细胞中，三乙酸尿苷抑制 [3H] 尿苷吸收，IC50 值分别为 228.4 μM 和 28.4 μM [4]。

每 8 小时口服一次尿苷三乙酸酯 (2 g/kg)，总共 15 剂，已被证明可以提高 5-FU 过量小鼠的存活率并降低毒性 [3]。每 8 小时口服一次尿苷三乙酸酯 (2 g/kg)，共 15 剂，已显示可降低 5-FU 毒性并提高 DPD 缺陷小鼠的存活率 [3]。

Animal/Disease Models: 5-FU overdose (intraperitoneal, 300 mg/kg) BALB/c mouse model [3]
Doses: 2 g/kg
Route of Administration: po (oral gavage), once every 8 hrs (hrs (hours)), a total of 15 total doses.
Experimental Results: The survival rates of the groups initiated within 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hrs (hrs (hours)) increased to 90%, 60%, 30%, 20%, 0% and 0% respectively.

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Animal/Disease Models: 5-ethynyluracil-induced (intraperitoneal (ip) injection, 2 mg/kg) DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase)-deficient mouse model [3]
Doses: 2 g/kg
Route of Administration: po (oral gavage), every 8 hrs (hrs (hours)) Once, 15 times in total.
Experimental Results: Starting 4 hrs (hrs (hours)) after 5-FU, the survival rate increased to 100%, and starting within 24 hrs (hrs (hours)), the survival rate increased to 80%. Survival rates improved to 40%, 50%, 20%, 30% and 0% in groups initiated within 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hrs (hrs (hours)), respectively.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Maximum concentrations of uridine in plasma following oral administration are generally achieved within 2 to 3 hours.
Uridine can be excreted via the kidneys, but is also metabolized by normal pyrimidine catabolic pathways present in most tissues.
Circulating uridine is taken up into mammalian cells via specific nucleoside transporters, and also crosses the blood brain barrier.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Following oral administration, uridine triacetate is deacetylated by nonspecific esterases present throughout the body, yielding uridine in the circulation.

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Biological Half-Life
2 to 2.5 hours

[1]. Ma WW, et al. Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity. Cancer. 2017 Jan 1;123(2):345-356.
[2]. Cada DJ, et al. Uridine Triacetate. Hosp Pharm. 2016 Jun;51(6):484-8.
[3]. Rolando A G Garcia, et al. Prompt treatment with uridine triacetate improves survival and reduces toxicity due to fluorouracil and capecitabine overdose or dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018 Aug 15;353:67-73.
[4]. Siennah R Miller, et al. Predicting Drug Interactions with Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters 1 and 2 Using Functional Knockout Cell Lines and Bayesian Modeling. Mol Pharmacol. 2021 Feb;99(2):147-162.

Uridine triacetate is an acetate ester that is uracil in which the three hydroxy hydrogens are replaced by acetate group. A prodrug for uridine, it is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria and for management of fluorouracil toxicity. It has a role as a prodrug, a neuroprotective agent and an orphan drug. It is a member of uridines and an acetate ester.
Uridine triacetate, formerly known as vistonuridine, is an orally active prodrug of the naturally occurring nucleoside uridine. It is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria (Xuriden), or for the emergency treatment of fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or toxicity (Vistogard). It is provided in the prodrug form as uridine triacetate as this form delivers 4- to 6-fold more uridine into the systemic circulation compared to equimolar doses of uridine itself. When used for the treatment or prevention of toxicity associated with fluorouracil and other antimetabolites, uridine triacetate is utilized for its ability to compete with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolites for incorporation into the genetic material of non-cancerous cells. It reduces toxicity and cell-death associated with two cytotoxic intermediates: 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). Normally, FdUMP inhibits thymidylate synthase required for thymidine synthesis and DNA replication and repair while FUTP incorporates into RNA resulting in defective strands. As a result, these metabolites are associated with various unpleasant side effects such as neutropenia, mucositis, diarrhea, and hand–foot syndrome. Like many other neoplastic agents, these side effects limit the doses of 5-FU that can be administered, which also affects the efficacy for treatment. By pre-administering with uridine (as the prodrug uridine triacetate), higher doses of 5-FU can be given allowing for improved efficacy and a reduction in toxic side effects. It can also be used as a rescue therapy if severe side effects present within 96 hours after initiation of therapy. Uridine triacetate is also used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria, also known as uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency. This rare congenital autosomal recessive disorder of pyrimidine metabolism is caused by a defect in uridine monophosphate synthase (UMPS), a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the final two steps of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. As a result of UMPS deficiency, patients experience a systemic deficiency of pyrimidine nucleotides, accounting for most symptoms of the disease. Additionally, orotic acid from the de novo pyrimidine pathway that cannot be converted to UMP is excreted in the urine, accounting for the common name of the disorder, orotic aciduria. Furthermore, orotic acid crystals in the urine can cause episodes of obstructive uropathy. When administered as the prodrug uridine triacetate, uridine can be used by essentially all cells to make uridine nucleotides, which compensates for the genetic deficiency in synthesis in patients with hereditary orotic aciduria. When intracellular uridine nucleotides are restored into the normal range, overproduction of orotic acid is reduced by feedback inhibition, so that urinary excretion of orotic acid is also reduced.
Uridine Triacetate is a synthetic uridine pro-drug that is converted to uridine in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleotide, has been used in a variety of diseases including depressive disorders and inherited myopathies. (NCI04)

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Drug Indication
Marketed as the product Xuriden (FDA), uridine triacetate is indicated for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria. Marketed as the product Vistogard (FDA), uridine triacetate is indicated for the emergency treatment of adult and pediatric patients in the following situations: following a fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose regardless of the presence of symptoms; or who exhibit early-onset, severe or life-threatening toxicity affecting the cardiac or central nervous system, and/or early-onset, unusually severe adverse reactions (e.g., gastrointestinal toxicity and/or neutropenia) within 96 hours following the end of fluorouracil or capecitabine administration.
FDA Label

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Mechanism of Action
Uridine triacetate is a synthetic uridine pro-drug that is converted to uridine in vivo. When used for the treatment or prevention of toxicity associated with fluorouracil and other antimetabolites, uridine triacetate is utilized for its ability to compete with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolites for incorporation into the genetic material of non-cancerous cells. It reduces toxicity and cell-death associated with two cytotoxic intermediates: 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). By pre-administering with uridine (as the prodrug uridine triacetate), higher doses of 5-FU can be given allowing for improved efficacy and a reduction in toxic side effects such as neutropenia, mucositis, diarrhea, and hand–foot syndrome. Uridine triacetate is also used for replacement therapy in the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria, also known as uridine monophosphate synthase (UMPS) deficiency. As a result of UMPS deficiency, patients experience a systemic deficiency of pyrimidine nucleotides, accounting for most symptoms of the disease. Additionally, orotic acid from the de novo pyrimidine pathway that cannot be converted to UMP is excreted in the urine, accounting for the common name of the disorder, orotic aciduria. Furthermore, orotic acid crystals in the urine can cause episodes of obstructive uropathy. When administered as the prodrug uridine triacetate, uridine can be used by essentially all cells to make uridine nucleotides, which compensates for the genetic deficiency in synthesis in patients with hereditary orotic aciduria.

C15H18N2O9

370.3114

370.101

4105-38-8

20058

White to off-white solid powder

1.4±0.1 g/cm3

124-134ºC

1.552

-0.11

142.99

1

9

8

26

660

4

O1[C@]([H])(C([H])([C@]([H])([C@@]1([H])C([H])([H])OC(C([H])([H])[H])=O)OC(C([H])([H])[H])=O)OC(C([H])([H])[H])=O)N1C([H])=C([H])C(N([H])C1=O)=O

AUFUWRKPQLGTGF-FMKGYKFTSA-N

InChI=1S/C15H18N2O9/c1-7(18)23-6-10-12(24-8(2)19)13(25-9(3)20)14(26-10)17-5-4-11(21)16-15(17)22/h4-5,10,12-14H,6H2,1-3H3,(H,16,21,22)/t10-,12-,13-,14-/m1/s1

[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-diacetyloxy-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl acetate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~270.04 mM)
H2O : ~10 mg/mL (~27.00 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.75 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.75 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.75 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 24 mg/mL (64.81 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。