Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride   中文名称: O-乙酰基-L-肉碱盐酸盐

- 改善焦虑样行为：在斑马鱼慢性不可预测应激（CUS）模型中，盐酸乙酰左旋肉碱（Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride）（文献中称Acetyl-L-carnitine/ALCAR）通过水体暴露给药，浓度为20 mg/L、40 mg/L、80 mg/L，持续14天。40 mg/L和80 mg/L组显著改善焦虑样行为：旷场实验中，中央区域停留时间较CUS溶媒组分别增加38%（40 mg/L）和55%（80 mg/L）；明暗箱实验中，光亮区停留时间较CUS溶媒组分别增加32%（40 mg/L）和48%（80 mg/L） [1]
- 降低应激激素水平：盐酸乙酰左旋肉碱（Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride）（40 mg/L、80 mg/L，水体暴露14天）降低CUS诱导的全身皮质醇水平升高。80 mg/L组皮质醇水平较CUS溶媒组降低42%，恢复至与非应激对照组相当的水平 [1]
- 调节神经递质与应激相关基因：与CUS溶媒组相比，盐酸乙酰左旋肉碱（Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride）（80 mg/L）使斑马鱼脑内5-羟色胺（5-HT）水平增加45%，多巴胺（DA）水平增加38%。它还下调下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴应激相关基因的mRNA表达：促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（crh）降低52%，糖皮质激素受体（nr3c1）降低35% [1]

- Zebrafish maintenance and stress model establishment: Adult zebrafish (AB strain, 6-8 months old) were maintained in a recirculating water system (28°C, 14 h light/10 h dark cycle). The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model was established by exposing zebrafish to 6 stressors (temperature fluctuation: 18°C for 2 h, light deprivation for 12 h, crowding: 30 fish/L for 4 h, etc.) randomly once daily for 14 days [1]
- Grouping and drug administration: Zebrafish were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15 per group): non-stressed control group, CUS vehicle group, CUS + Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 20 mg/L group, CUS + Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 40 mg/L group, CUS + Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 80 mg/L group. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride was dissolved in zebrafish water to the target concentrations, and administered via continuous water exposure for 14 days (coinciding with the CUS period); vehicle groups received normal water [1]
- Behavioral testing:
1. Open field test: Each zebrafish was placed in a square tank (30×30×15 cm) filled with 1 L water, and its movement was recorded for 5 minutes. The time spent in the central area (10×10 cm) and total distance traveled were analyzed using video tracking software [1]
2. Light-dark box test: The tank was divided into light (2/3 volume, 1000 lux) and dark (1/3 volume, 5 lux) compartments. Zebrafish were placed in the dark compartment, and their movement was recorded for 5 minutes; the time spent in the light compartment was counted [1]
- Cortisol and neurotransmitter detection: After behavioral testing, zebrafish were homogenized, and whole-body cortisol level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Brain tissues were dissected, and 5-HT and DA levels were detected via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection [1]
- Gene expression analysis: Total RNA was extracted from zebrafish hypothalamus tissues, reverse-transcribed into cDNA, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed using specific primers for crh, nr3c1, and β-actin (internal control). Relative mRNA expression levels were calculated using the 2⁻ΔΔCt method [1]

- Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride at concentrations of 20-80 mg/L (14 days water exposure) did not cause zebrafish mortality or abnormal morphological changes (e.g., fin damage, body curvature). No significant difference in total distance traveled (a measure of general activity) was observed between drug-treated groups and vehicle groups, indicating no adverse effect on locomotor function [1]

[1]. Acetyl-L-carnitine as a putative candidate for the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders: Novel evidence from a zebrafish model. Neuropharmacology. 2019 May 15;150:145-152.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride is a nutritional supplement composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the acetylated form of the endogenously produced L-carnitine, with potential neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, anti-depressive and immunomodulating activities. L-carnitine is responsible for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown. It may also relieve peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, diabetes or other diseases. In addition, acetyl-L-carnitine may modulate the immune response by increasing T-lymphocytes maturation and may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It may also disrupt the ACE2 signaling pathway and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.

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- Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is an endogenous molecule involved in fatty acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. Its ability to alleviate stress-related behaviors in zebrafish may be associated with the regulation of the HPA axis (reducing crh and nr3c1 expression) and enhancement of monoaminergic neurotransmission (increasing 5-HT and DA levels) [1]
- The zebrafish CUS model used in the study is widely used to simulate human stress-related psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). The positive effects of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride in this model suggest its potential as a therapeutic candidate for such disorders [1]

C9H17NO4.HCL

239.69652

239.092

5080-50-2

2733928

White to off-white solid powder

194 °C (dec.)(lit.)

-28 ° (C=1, H2O)

0.901

63.6

1

5

6

15

219

1

CC(=O)O[C@H](CC(=O)O)C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-]

JATPLOXBFFRHDN-DDWIOCJRSA-N

InChI=1S/C9H17NO4.ClH/c1-7(11)14-8(5-9(12)13)6-10(2,3)4;/h8H,5-6H2,1-4H3;1H/t8-;/m1./s1

[(2R)-2-acetyloxy-3-carboxypropyl]-trimethylazanium;chloride

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~417.19 mM)
DMSO : ~31.25 mg/mL (~130.37 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.68 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.68 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.68 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 100 mg/mL (417.19 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。