mGluR2 ( EC50 = 285 nM )
AZD-8529 mesylate increases the effects of glutamate at mGluR2 with an EC50 of 195 nM [1].
AZD-8529 mesylate does not cause antagonist reactions on mGluRs at 25 μM[1].

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AZD8529 potentiation of mGluR2 receptor function[1]
We assessed the effect of AZD8529 at the human mGluR2 receptor by measuring the potentiation of [35S]GTPγS binding in the presence of increasing concentrations of exogenously applied agonist (L-glutamate). AZD8529 potentiated the effects of glutamate at mGluR2 with an EC50 of 195±62 nM and an Emax of 110%±11% (Figure 1A). In order to assess the selectivity of AZD8529 against the family of mGluRs, we used fluorescence-based assays. AZD8529 potentiated mGluR2 activity with an EC50 of 285±20 nM and did not produce any positive allosteric modulator responses at 20-25 M on the mGluR1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 subtypes (Table 1). In addition, at 25 μM AZD8529 did not elicit antagonist responses on mGluRs. When AZD8529 (10 μM) was studied in a broad receptor screen (Table 2), we observed >50% inhibition of ligand biding at adenosine A3 receptors (51% inhibition) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET, IC50=4.73 μM).

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In vitro electrophysiology tests [2]
The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist DCG-IV induced inhibitory effects on fEPSPs in the pyramidal cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The inhibitory effects of DCG-IV on synaptic transmission were potentiated by AZD8418 and AZD8529, with EC50 values of 0.86 and 1.4 μM, respectively (Fig. 2a). AZD8418 produced a greater maximal potentiation (79.9 ± 4.4) than AZD8529 (61.4 ± 4.3, p < 0.05). The mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 (1 μM) effectively blocked the inhibition of fEPSPs that was induced by DCG-IV alone (10 nM) or the combination of DCG-IV with either AZD8529 (10 μM) or AZD8418 (10 μM; Fig. 2b).

AZD-8529 mesylate 增强谷氨酸对 mGluR2 的作用，EC50 为 195 nM [1]。 AZD-8529 甲磺酸盐在 25 μM 时不会引起 mGluR 拮抗剂反应[1]。

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AZD8529增强mGluR2受体功能[1]
我们通过测量在外源性激动剂（L-谷氨酸）浓度增加的情况下[35S]GTPγS结合的增强，评估了AZD8529对人类mGluR2受体的影响。AZD8529增强了谷氨酸对mGluR2的影响，EC50为195±62 nM，Emax为110%±11%（图1A）。为了评估AZD8529对mGluRs家族的选择性，我们使用了基于荧光的检测方法。AZD8529增强mGluR2活性，EC50为285±20 nM，在20-25 M下对mGluR1、3、4、5、6、7和8亚型没有产生任何正变构调节剂反应（表1）。此外，在25μM时，AZD8529对mGluRs没有引起拮抗剂反应。当在广泛的受体筛选中研究AZD8529（10μM）时（表2），我们观察到配体结合腺苷A3受体（51%抑制）和去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白（NET，IC50=4.73μM）的抑制率>50%。

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体外电生理试验[2]
mGlu2/3受体激动剂DCG-IV对海马CA1区锥体细胞中的fEPSPs具有抑制作用。AZD8418和AZD8529增强了DCG-IV对突触传递的抑制作用，EC50值分别为0.86和1.4μM（图2a）。AZD8418产生的最大增强作用（79.9±4.4）大于AZD8529（61.4±4.3，mGlu2/3受体拮抗剂LY341495（1μM）有效阻断了DCG-IV单独（10 nM）或DCG-IV与AZD8529（10μM）或AZD8418（10μM）联合诱导的fEPSPs的抑制作用；图2b）。

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在表达人mGluR2的CHO细胞膜进行的[35S]GTPγS结合实验中，AZD8529 增强了激动剂（L-谷氨酸）诱导的受体活化（EC50 = 195 ± 62 nM, Emax = 110% ± 11%）。[1]
在使用表达嵌合人mGluR受体的HEK-293细胞进行的荧光实验中，AZD8529 是mGluR2的正向变构调节剂（EC50 = 285 ± 20 nM, Emax = 59.9% ± 14%），但对mGluR1、3、4、5、6、7或8无显著影响。[1]
在食蟹猴脑切片上使用[35S]GTPγS放射自显影技术，AZD8529 (3 µM) 显著增强了亚最佳浓度的mGluR2/3激动剂LY379268 (1 µM) 在皮层、海马和纹状体诱导的信号。这种增强可被mGluR2/3拮抗剂LY341495 (1 µM) 逆转。[1]

AZD8529（0.3 mg/kg，肌肉注射）可减少松鼠猴中尼古丁启动诱导和提示诱导的恢复[1]。 AZD-8529（30 mg/kg；腹腔注射）可降低自由活动大鼠伏隔核中尼古丁诱导的细胞外多巴胺增加[1]。动物模型：Sprague-Dawley大鼠[1] 剂量：10 mg/kg、30 mg/kg 给药方式：腹腔注射；尼古丁注射前 2 小时 结果：减少了自由活动大鼠伏隔核中由尼古丁（0.4 mg/kg，皮下）引起的细胞外多巴胺增加 [1]。

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在猴子中，AZD8529在不影响食物自我给药的剂量（.3-3mg/kg）下减少了尼古丁的自我给药。AZD8529还减少了尼古丁引发和线索诱导的尼古丁恢复，在药物消失后寻求增强反应。在大鼠中，AZD8529减少了尼古丁诱导的伏隔核多巴胺释放。 结论：这些结果为mGluR2的正变构调节剂在尼古丁强化和复发的非人灵长类模型中的有效性提供了证据。这类药物应考虑用于尼古丁成瘾治疗。

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AZD8418（0.37、1.12、3.73、7.46和14.92 mg/kg）和AZD8529（1.75、5.83、17.5和58.3 mg/kg）的急性治疗抑制了尼古丁的自我给药，对食物维持反应没有影响。AZD8418的慢性治疗减弱了尼古丁的自我给药，但对这种作用的耐受性迅速发展。慢性AZD8529给药对尼古丁自我给药的抑制作用在整个14天的治疗过程中持续存在。任何一种PAM的慢性治疗都会抑制食物的自我给药。AZD8418（急性）和AZD8529（急性和亚慢性）阻断了线索诱导的尼古丁和食物寻求行为的恢复。结论：这些发现表明，mGlu2受体在自我给药尼古丁的增强特性以及之前与尼古丁给药相关的线索的动机影响（即线索诱导的尼古丁寻求行为的恢复）中起着重要作用。因此，mGlu2-PAM可能是帮助人们戒烟和防止复发的有用药物[2]。

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在训练为静脉自我给予尼古丁（30 µg/kg/次）的松鼠猴中，预处理 AZD8529 (0.3、1、3 和 10 mg/kg, 肌注， session前3小时) 在连续三个测试session中显著降低了尼古丁自我给药，且未观察到耐受性。0.3-3 mg/kg的剂量不影响食物自我给药，而更高剂量（10 和 30 mg/kg）则产生影响。[1]
AZD8529 (0.3、1 和 3 mg/kg, 肌注) 剂量依赖性地降低了松鼠猴中尼古丁引燃诱导（0.1 mg/kg, 静脉）和线索诱导的熄灭后尼古丁寻求行为的复吸。[1]
在大鼠中，AZD8529 (30 mg/kg, 腹腔注射，但10 mg/kg无效) 减弱了尼古丁（0.4 mg/kg, 皮下注射）诱导的伏隔核壳区细胞外多巴胺水平的升高。AZD8529 单独给药对多巴胺水平无影响。[1]

功能性mGluR2测定[1]
受体选择性测定[1]
为了确定mGluR家族中AZD8529的选择性，我们使用了基于荧光的检测和表达人mGluR构建体的HEK 293细胞系。所述细胞系表达嵌合融合构建体hmGluR2/hCaR*、hmGluR1/hCaR+、hmGluR3/hCaR+hmGluR4/hCaR*hmGluR5/hCaR>hmGluR6/hCaR=hmGluR7/hCaR*hmGluR8/hCaR*，各自包含人mGluR的细胞外结构域和跨膜结构域，以及如前所述与混杂嵌合蛋白Gqi5融合的人钙受体的细胞内结构域。

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受体筛查[1]
我们根据已发表的方法，使用放射性配体结合分析（MDS Pharma）评估了10μM下AZD8529的脱靶效应。我们为每种测定都运行了参考标准。我们使用数据分析工具箱（MDL信息系统）的非线性最小二乘回归分析来确定IC50值。

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[35S]GTPγS结合人mGlu2-CHO膜[1]
我们使用由表达人mGluR2的CHO细胞系制备的膜，并以闪烁邻近试验（SPA）形式进行了试验。我们将表达人mGluR2的中国仓鼠卵巢（CHO）细胞培养至约80%融合，在冰冷的磷酸盐缓冲盐水中洗涤细胞，并冷冻保存直至膜制备。测定缓冲液含有0.05 M HEPES、0.10 M NaCl、0.01 M MgCl2，pH 7.4，加上100 M二硫苏糖醇和3 M鸟苷二磷酸。我们通过在含有AZD8529或载体的测定缓冲液中加入小麦胚芽凝集素SPA珠（0.75mg/ml）和膜（6g/ml）的混合物来开始测定。孵育15分钟后，我们加入了一种含有[35S]GTPγS和L-谷氨酸盐的溶液（最终浓度为100 pM[35S]GTPγS和0-100 M谷氨酸盐）。在室温下孵育（60分钟）后，我们对测定板进行离心，并在TopCount™闪烁计数器上读取。我们分别测定了在没有谷氨酸和存在100-M谷氨酸的情况下[35S]GTPγS结合的0%和100%水平。我们根据AZD8529的浓度反应曲线估计了AZD8529s对mGluR2激活的调节活性，并用4参数逻辑斯谛方程进行了拟合，以计算表观效力（EC50）和最大效力（Emax）。

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使用从表达人mGluR2的CHO细胞系制备的膜，以闪烁亲近测定法（SPA）形式评估 AZD8529 对mGluR2功能的影响。测定缓冲液含有HEPES、NaCl、MgCl2、二硫苏糖醇和鸟苷二磷酸。将含有 AZD8529 或溶媒的测定缓冲液中的小麦胚芽凝集素SPA珠和膜混合物孵育15分钟。然后加入含有[35S]GTPγS和不同浓度L-谷氨酸的溶液。在室温下孵育60分钟后，离心平板并在闪烁计数仪上读数。将不含谷氨酸和含最大浓度谷氨酸（100 µM）时的[35S]GTPγS结合分别定义为0%和100%活性。拟合 AZD8529 的浓度-反应曲线以计算EC50和Emax。[1]
使用标准放射性配体结合实验，在单一浓度（10 µM）的 AZD8529 下，针对一组受体、离子通道和转运体进行了脱靶效应筛选。每个实验都运行了参考标准品。[1]

[35S]食蟹猴脑片GTPγS放射自显影术[1]
我们用戊巴比妥钠（100mg/kg）麻醉猴子，用生理盐水灌注，然后取出大脑并将其冷冻在冷却的异戊烷中。我们在低温恒温器上切下20-μm的纹状体和海马切片，将切片安装在载玻片上，并在80°C下储存直至使用。在实验当天，我们在真空室中将切片加热到室温超过3小时。我们在50 mM Tris-HCl、3 mM MgCl2、0.2 mM EGTA、100 mM NaCl和0.2 mM DTT（Tris测定缓冲液，TAB）中孵育切片；pH 7.4，在25°C下孵育10分钟。然后，我们将载玻片在含有2 mM二磷酸鸟苷（GDP）的TAB中，在25℃下孵育15分钟。我们将载玻片置于以下四种条件之一中，在25°C下放置2小时：基础：TAB+2 mM GDP+0.04 nM[35S]GTPγS；单独使用激动剂：TAB+2 mM GDP+0.04 nM[35S]GTPγS+1μM LY379268；单独使用调节剂：TAB+2 mM GDP+0.04 nM[35S]GTPγS+3μMAZD8529；调节剂+激动剂：TAB+2 mM GDP+0.04 nM[35S]GTPγS+1μM LY379268+3μM AZD8529；调节剂+激动剂+拮抗剂：TAB+2 mM GDP+0.04 nM[35S]GTPγS+1μM LY379268+3μM AZD8529+1μM LY341495。然后，我们在4°C 50 mM Tris-HCl（pH 7.4）中洗涤切片2次，每次5分钟，在冰冷的H2O中漂洗，并风干载玻片。然后，我们将载玻片暴露在Biomax MR胶片上2天，并使用标准技术进行显影、数字化和分析。

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切片记录[2]
将切片浸入切片室中，以1-2ml/min的流速浸泡在32°C aCSF中。用铂丝制成的砝码将切片固定到位。用连接到隔离脉冲刺激器（型号2100）的单极钨电极（型号575300，0.5-1mΩ）刺激辐射层中的Schaeffer侧支纤维。用从硼硅酸盐玻璃（型号TW150-4）中拔出并填充2mM NaCl的电极记录CA1层锥体细胞的细胞外群体尖峰。用每30秒一次的10毫秒脉冲刺激切片。建立基线反应（最大值的50-70%），然后记录大约15分钟的控制期。在控制期后，将化合物浴敷40分钟或直至达到稳态响应。

Sprague-Dawley rats
\n10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg
\nIntraperitoneal injection; 2 hours before nicotine injections

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\n\nNicotine self-administration [1]
\nWe performed this phase over a period of 14 weeks and it included 1-hr sessions from Monday through Friday. Before the start of each session, we placed the monkeys into the Plexiglas chairs and restrained them in the seated position by waist locks. We first trained the monkeys to lever-press under a fixed-ratio schedule (FR10, timeout 60 s) of intravenous nicotine (30 μg/kg/injection) reinforcement. After flushing the catheters with 1 ml physiological saline, we connected them to a motor-driven syringe. At the start of each session, the white house-light was turned off and the green stimulus light was turned on; 10 lever-presses turned off the green light and produced 2-s amber light paired with nicotine injection (0.2 ml). During the 60-s timeout period the chamber was dark and lever-presses had no programmed consequences. When responses showed <15% variability for at least 5 consecutive sessions, we tested the effect of AZD8529 pretreatment (0.03, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, i.m., 3 hr before the session) on nicotine self-administration for 3 sessions; we compared these data to three consecutive session of vehicle pretreatment immediately preceding each test session. The 3-hr pretreatment time is based on AstraZeneca Tmax pharmacokinetic studies (data not shown).\n

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\nReinstatement of nicotine seeking [1]
\nWe performed this phase of the study over a period of 9 weeks. We first tested the monkeys for nicotine priming-induced reinstatement after extinction of the drug-reinforced responding. We then retrained them to self-administer nicotine over 5 days and then tested them for cue-induced reinstatement after extinction of the drug-reinforced responding. We tested AZD8529 doses of 3 mg/kg or lower, because 3 mg/kg was the highest effective dose that reduced nicotine but not food self-administration.\n

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\nNicotine priming-induced reinstatement [1]
\nWe performed tests for nicotine priming-induced reinstatement after the monkeys underwent daily extinction sessions during which lever-presses led to saline infusions plus the visual cues previously paired with nicotine infusions, but not nicotine. We gave a non-contingent saline injection before each extinction session as a vehicle control for the nicotine-priming injections. After at least two extinction sessions, when responding had reached a low, stable level, we determined the effect of pretreatment with AZD8529 (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.m.) or its vehicle on nicotine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.)-induced reinstatement. We gave the nicotine priming injections immediately before the start of the test sessions. During testing, lever-presses (FR10) continued to produce only saline injections and the discrete cues. We also tested the effect of 3 mg/kg of AZD8529 on saline priming to determine whether AZD8529 alone would affect nicotine seeking after extinction.\n

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\nCue-induced reinstatement [1]
\nAfter the completion of nicotine priming tests, we retrained the monkeys to self-administer nicotine for ~10 sessions. We then gave them 3 extinction sessions during which lever-presses had no reinforced consequences (neither nicotine nor cue were available); additionally, we did not inject monkeys with saline priming before these sessions. After extinction, we determined the effect of pretreatment with AZD8529 (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.m.) or its vehicle on cue-induced reinstatement. During testing, lever-presses (FR10) produced the i.v. saline infusions and visual cue presentations. We also determined the effect of 3 mg/kg of AZD8529 on extinction responding in the absence of the cue. Each cue-induced reinstatement test was followed by one or two extinction sessions.\n

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\nFood self-administration [1]
\nWe determined the effect of AZD8529 in a separate group of monkeys that self-administered 190-mg food pellets under reinforcement schedule conditions identical to those we used with nicotine (FR 10, TO 60 s). We restricted food intake to maintain monkeys’ weights at a level that facilitates food-reinforced responding (no more than 10% below free-feeding weight). The number of reinforcers delivered per session, as well as rates of responding, in this group were very similar to the nicotine group (Figure 2). We injected each dose of AZD8529 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.m.) for three consecutive sessions, which was preceded by three sessions with vehicle injections before the sessions.\n

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\nAZD8529 plasma levels in squirrel monkeys [1]
\nTo determine whether plasma levels during the behavioral experiments reach levels that are well tolerated in humans (per AstraZeneca company information), we injected 3 squirrel monkeys with AZD8529 (1 mg/kg, i.m.) and 3 hr later we collected venous blood samples (approximately 1.5 ml) from the femoral vein under light ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) anesthesia. We rapidly mixed the blood samples and immediately cooled them on ice until centrifugation. Plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 4°C for 10 min at 1500 x g within 30 min of blood sampling. We separated the plasma and transferred it to two 2-ml micro-centrifuge tubes. We stored the plasma samples at −80°C. We shipped the samples on dry ice to AstraZeneca where AZD8529 levels were measured using a standardized LC/MS/MS method.\n

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\nIn vivo microdialysis in rats [1]
\nThe general procedure was described previously (36). We performed microdialysis in Sprague-Dawley rats 20-24 hr after implantation of probes aimed at the accumbens shell (2.0 mm anterior,1.1 mm lateral from bregma, and 8.0 mm below the dura) (37). We collected samples (20 μl) every 20 min (perfusion rate: 1ul per min) and immediately analyzed dopamine levels by HPLC coupled to electrochemical detection. We injected the test drugs or their vehicle after observing stable dopamine levels (<15% variation) in 3 consecutive samples. We injected vehicle or AZD8529 (10 or 30 mg/kg i.p.) 2 hr before vehicle or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) injections. We collected dialysate samples for 2 hr after nicotine injections. We based the AZD8529 doses on previous unpublished work of AstraZeneca in rat behavioral models and a recent study on the effect of the drug on ‘incubation’ of methamphetamine craving in rats.\n [1]
\nAZD8529 free-base was dissolved in sterile water.[1]\n

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\n\nExperimental design [2]
\nExperiment 1: effects of acute AZD8418 and AZD8529 treatment on nicotine and food self-administration [2]
\nAfter establishing stable nicotine or food self-administration (<20 % variability in responding over three consecutive days), the effects of acute AZD8418 (0, 0.37, 1.12, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg) and AZD8529 (0, 1.75, 5.83, 17.5, and 58.3 mg/kg) treatment on nicotine and food self-administration were assessed using a within-subjects Latin square design. Four groups of naive rats were used to examine the effects of acute treatment with (i) AZD8418 on nicotine self-administration (n = 12) and food self-administration (n = 10) and (ii) AZD8529 on nicotine self-administration (n = 12) and food self-administration (n = 7). At least 5 days elapsed between drug administrations.\n

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\n\nExperiment 2: effects of chronic AZD8418 and AZD8529 treatment on nicotine and food self-administration [2]
\nThe effects of 14-day repeated AZD8418 and AZD8529 treatment regimens on nicotine and food self-administration were assessed using a between-subjects design. Four groups of naive rats were used to examine the effects of chronic treatment with (i) AZD8418 (0, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg/day) on nicotine self-administration (n = 10–11/subgroup), (ii) AZD8418 (0 and 14.92 mg/kg/day) on food-self-administration (n = 10–11/subgroup), (iii) AZD8529 (0 and 58.3 mg/kg/day) on nicotine self-administration (n = 10–12/subgroup), and (iv) AZD8529 (0 and 58.3 mg/kg/day) on food self-administration (n = 8–13/subgroup). The subgroups for each tested compound were balanced for weight and nicotine/food intake before initiating the chronic treatments.\n

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\n\nExperiment 3: effects of acute AZD8418 and AZD8529 treatment on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine- and food-seeking behavior [2]
\nAfter completing experiment 1, nicotine self-administering rats were tested under extinction conditions. All of the rats reached the predetermined criterion of extinction (see above) by the end of the 10th extinction session. The first reinstatement session was conducted after vehicle administration to ensure that each subject exhibited robust reinstatement as defined above (>50 % increase in responding compared to the mean of the last three extinction sessions) before initiating the drug treatments. Only rats that exhibited robust nicotine-seeking behavior during this first reinstatement session were included in the remainder of the experiments. Each reinstatement session was preceded by three daily extinction sessions to re-extinguish responding. AZD8418 (0, 1.12, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg) and AZD8529 (0, 1.75, 5.83, 17.5, and 58.3 mg/kg) were administered prior to each reinstatement session using a within-subjects Latin square design.\nIndependent naive rats (n = 9–13/group) that were trained to self-administer food were used to assess the effects of AZD8418 (0, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg) and AZD8529 (0, 1.75, 5.83, 17.5, and 58.3 mg/kg) on cue-induced reinstatement of food-seeking behavior using a between-subjects design because food-seeking behavior exhibits rapid extinction with repeated reinstatement testing (Bespalov et al. 2005). The groups were balanced for weight and food responding before treatment.\n

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\n\nPharmacokinetic studies [2]
\nAZD8529 (4.7 mg/kg) and AZD8418 (5 mg/kg) were administered orally by gavage to groups of male Wistar rats (n = 3–4), either as a single dose or as daily doses for 7 days. Tail vein blood samples (0.25 ml) were collected from all rats at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after drug administration on day 1 or 7 of dosing. The plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 4 °C for 10 min at 1500×g within 30 min of blood sampling and analyzed for concentrations of AZD8529 or AZD8418 by a standard reverse-phase liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method.\n

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Squirrel Monkey Nicotine Self-Administration: Adult male squirrel monkeys with a history of nicotine self-administration were used. Sessions were 1 hour long, conducted 5 days a week. Under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule (FR10, timeout 60 s), 10 lever presses resulted in an intravenous nicotine injection (30 µg/kg/injection) paired with a 2-s visual cue. After stable baseline responding, the effects of AZD8529 (0.03, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle were tested. AZD8529 was administered intramuscularly 3 hours before the session. Each dose was tested for 3 consecutive sessions, preceded and followed by 3 vehicle sessions. [1]
Squirrel Monkey Food Self-Administration: A separate group of monkeys self-administered 190-mg food pellets under identical FR10, timeout 60 s schedule conditions. AZD8529 (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, i.m.) was tested using the same pretreatment and session protocol as in the nicotine experiment. [1]
Squirrel Monkey Reinstatement Testing: After extinction of nicotine-reinforced responding, reinstatement tests were conducted. For nicotine priming-induced reinstatement, monkeys received AZD8529 (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg, i.m.) or vehicle 3 hours before a non-contingent priming injection of nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline. During the test, lever presses (FR10) produced saline and cues. For cue-induced reinstatement, after extinction where neither nicotine nor cues were available, monkeys were pretreated with AZD8529 or vehicle, and then responding (FR10) produced the previously nicotine-associated cues and saline infusions. [1]
Rat Microdialysis: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with microdialysis probes aimed at the nucleus accumbens shell. After recovery, dialysate samples were collected every 20 minutes. Once stable baseline dopamine levels were established, rats were pretreated with AZD8529 (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. Two hours later, they received an injection of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle. Dialysate collection continued for 2 hours post-nicotine injection, and dopamine levels were analyzed by HPLC-ECD. [1]
Primate Brain Slice Autoradiography: Cynomolgus monkeys were anesthetized and perfused, and their brains were removed and frozen. Brain sections (20 µm) from striatum and hippocampus were cut. Sections were pre-incubated in assay buffer, then incubated for 2 hours in one of several conditions containing GDP, [35S]GTPγS, and various combinations of LY379268 (agonist), AZD8529 (modulator), and LY341495 (antagonist). After washing and drying, sections were exposed to film, developed, and analyzed. [1]

PK profiles of AZD8529 [2] Peak plasma concentrations (T max) of AZD8418 were reached at 1 h post-administration after a single dose of 5 mg/kg. Peak plasma concentrations of AZD8529 were reached at 3 h post-administration after a single dose of 4.7 mg/kg. The peak plasma concentration (C max) for AZD8418 (690 ± 108 nM) was considerably higher than that for AZD8529 (158 ± 30 nM). Similarly, the area under the curve (AUC) for AZD8418 was also higher than that for AZD8529, indicating higher bioavailability of AZD8418 than that of AZD8529. Repeated daily administration of AZD8418 or AZD8529 for 7 days did not alter the T max or C max of plasma exposure. Based on findings of the PK studies, doses and pretreatment time were determined for AZD8418 (0, 0.37, 1.12, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg; 1 h pretreatment) and AZD8529 (0, 1.75, 5.83, 17.5, and 58.3 mg/kg; 3 h pretreatment) administration to reflect differences in C max and T max.

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Plasma concentrations of AZD8529 [2]
In a group of squirrel monkeys (n=3), the plasma concentration of AZD8529 3 hr (the pretreatment time in the self-administration and reinstatement experiments) after drug (1 mg/kg) injections was 112±17 nM. Effect of AZD8529 on nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat accumbens shell We determined the effect of systemic AZD8529 injections on nicotine-induced elevations of extracellular dopamine levels in accumbens shell of freely-moving rats. Nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) increased extracellular dopamine and this effect was decreased by 30 mg/kg but not 10 mg/kg AZD8529 (Supplementary Figure S1; AZD8529 Dose x Time interaction: F(34,170)=2.24; p<0.001). When given alone, AZD8529 (10 or 30 mg/kg) had no effect on dopamine levels (Supplementary Figure S1).

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In squirrel monkeys, the plasma concentration of AZD8529 3 hours after an intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kg was 112 ± 17 nM. This time point corresponded to the pretreatment time used in the behavioral experiments. [1]
Based on company information cited in the manuscript, AZD8529 was reported to be orally bioavailable and well-tolerated in human studies at plasma concentrations achieved in monkeys following effective behavioral doses. [1]

The manuscript does not provide specific toxicity data such as LD50, organ toxicity, or detailed drug-drug interactions. [1]
At high doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) that decreased food self-administration in monkeys, the effects may reflect behavioral suppression or other side effects, but these are not characterized as classical toxicity in this study. [1]

[1]. The Novel Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 Positive Allosteric Modulator, AZD8529, Decreases Nicotine Self-Administration and Relapse in Squirrel Monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Oct 1;78(7):452-62.

[2]. Attenuation of nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behavior by the mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulators AZD8418 and AZD8529 in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 May;233(10):1801-14.

AZD8529 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00921804 (Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of AZD8529 in Adult Schizophrenia Patients).

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Background: Based on rodent studies, group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) were suggested as targets for addiction treatment. However, LY379268 and other group II agonists do not discriminate between the mainly presynaptic inhibitory mGluR2 (the proposed treatment target) and mGluR3. These agonists also produce tolerance over repeated administration and are no longer considered for addiction treatment. Here, we determined the effects of AZD8529, a selective positive allosteric modulator of mGluR2, on abuse-related effects of nicotine in squirrel monkeys and rats. Methods: We first assessed modulation of mGluR2 function by AZD8529 using functional in vitro assays in membranes prepared from a cell line expressing human mGluR2 and in primate brain slices. We then determined AZD8529 (.03-10 mg/kg, intramuscular injection) effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration and reinstatement of nicotine seeking induced by nicotine priming or nicotine-associated cues. We also determined AZD8529 effects on food self-administration in monkeys and nicotine-induced dopamine release in accumbens shell in rats.[1]

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Rationale: Numerous medication development strategies seek to decrease nicotine consumption and prevent relapse to tobacco smoking by blocking glutamate transmission. Decreasing glutamate release by activating presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate (mGlu)2/3 receptors inhibits the reinforcing effects of nicotine and blocks cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. However, the relative contribution of mGlu2 receptors in nicotine dependence is still unknown. Objectives: The present study evaluated the role of mGlu2 receptors in nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behavior using the novel, relatively selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) AZD8418 and AZD8529. Results: Acute treatment with AZD8418 (0.37, 1.12, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg) and AZD8529 (1.75, 5.83, 17.5, and 58.3 mg/kg) deceased nicotine self-administration and had no effect on food-maintained responding. Chronic treatment with AZD8418 attenuated nicotine self-administration, but tolerance to this effect developed quickly. The inhibition of nicotine self-administration by chronic AZD8529 administration persisted throughout the 14 days of treatment. Chronic treatment with either PAMs inhibited food self-administration. AZD8418 (acute) and AZD8529 (acute and subchronic) blocked cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine- and food-seeking behavior. Conclusions: These findings indicate an important role for mGlu2 receptors in the reinforcing properties of self-administered nicotine and the motivational impact of cues that were previously associated with nicotine administration (i.e., cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior). Thus, mGlu2 PAMs may be useful medications to assist people to quit tobacco smoking and prevent relapse.[2]

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AZD8529 is presented as a novel therapeutic approach for nicotine addiction, focusing on preventing relapse by targeting mGluR2. [1]
It offers a potential advantage over earlier non-selective mGluR2/3 orthosteric agonists (e.g., LY379268) by being selective for mGluR2, not inducing tolerance upon repeated administration in the tested model, and having minimal effects on natural reward (food) at anti-nicotine doses. [1]
The mechanism of action is proposed to involve decreasing nicotine-induced dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway (as shown in rats) and blunting the motivational effects of both nicotine itself and environmental cues associated with nicotine use. [1]
The authors suggest that the efficacy of mGluR2 PAMs may extend beyond nicotine addiction to other substance use disorders (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, alcohol), given the comorbidity and shared neurobiological pathways. [1]

C25H28F3N5O6S

583.579935073853

583.171

C, 51.45; H, 4.84; F, 9.77; N, 12.00; O, 16.45; S, 5.49

1314217-69-0

AZD-8529; 1092453-15-0; 1314217-69-0 (mesylate); 1344999-56-9 (mesylate hydrate)

53495155

White to off-white solid powder

147

2

13

6

40

822

0

S(C)(=O)(=O)O.FC(OC1C=CC(=CC=1)CN1C(C2C(C)=CC(C3=NC(CN4CCNCC4)=NO3)=CC=2C1)=O)(F)F

HRHCPVNKPOTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C24H24F3N5O3.CH4O3S/c1-15-10-17(22-29-20(30-35-22)14-31-8-6-28-7-9-31)11-18-13-32(23(33)21(15)18)12-16-2-4-19(5-3-16)34-24(25,26)27;1-5(2,3)4/h2-5,10-11,28H,6-9,12-14H2,1H3;1H3,(H,2,3,4)

methanesulfonic acid;7-methyl-5-[3-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-2-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-3H-isoindol-1-one

AZD-8529; AZD8529 mesylate; AZD 8529 mesylate; 1314217-69-0; AZD-8529 (mesylate); 29K1DH0MV7; 7-Methyl-5-(3-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)isoindolin-1-one methanesulfonate; methanesulfonic acid;7-methyl-5-[3-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-2-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-3H-isoindol-1-one; 1H-Isoindol-1-one, 2,3-dihydro-7-methyl-5-(3-(1-piperazinylmethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-2-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-, methanesulfonate (1:1); AZD-8529 mesylate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: ~41.7 mg/mL (~71.4 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.56 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.56 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.56 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。