在生化实验中，与参与红细胞生成的 JAK-2 相比，Upadacitinib 对 JAK-1 的选择性高出 74 倍，对 JAK-1 的选择性比参与免疫监视的 JAK-3 高 58 倍。 1]。由于 upadacitinib 对 JAK-1 的选择性优于 JAK-2 和 JAK-3，因此整个 RA 患者的获益-风险状况可能会得到改善 [2]。

在大鼠关节炎模型中，upadacitinib（0.1-10 mg/kg；口服强饲；每天两次，持续 10 天）已证明有效[3]。

Animal/Disease Models: Female Lewis rat (rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model) [3]
Doses: 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg
Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); twice a day for 10 days
Experimental Results: Inhibition of disease pathology in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Upadacitinib displays a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile over the therapeutic dose range. Following oral administration, the median time to reach Cmax (Tmax) ranges from 2 to 4 hours. The steady-state plasma concentrations of upadacitinib are reached within 4 days following multiple once-daily administrations, with minimal accumulation. Food intake has no clinically relevant effect on the AUC, Cmax, and Cmin of upadacitinib from the extended-release formulation.
Following administration of a single radio-labelled dose from the immediate-release formulation, approximately 53% of the total dose was excreted in the feces where 38% of the excreted dose was an unchanged parent drug. About 43% of the total dose was excreted in the urine, where 24% of that dose was in the unchanged parent drug form. Approximately 34% of the total dose of upadacitinib dose was excreted as metabolites.
The volume of distribution of upadacitinib in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and a body weight of 74 kg is estimated to be 224 L following oral administration of an extended-release formula. In a pharmacokinetic study consisting of healthy volunteers receiving the extended-release formulation, the steady-state volume of distribution was 294 L. Upadacitinib partitions similarly between plasma and blood cellular components with a blood to plasma ratio of 1.0.
The apparent oral clearance of upadacitinib in healthy volunteers receiving the extended-release formulation was 53.7 L/h.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Upadacitinib predominantly undergoes CYP3A4-mediated metabolism; however, upadacitinib is a nonsensitive substrate of CYP3A4. It is also metabolized by CYP2D6 to a lesser extent. In a human radio-labelled study, about 79% of the total plasma radioactivity accounted for the parent drug, and about 13% of the total plasma radioactivity accounted for the main metabolite produced from mono-oxidation, followed by glucuronidation. There are no known active metabolites of upadacitinib.

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Biological Half-Life
The mean terminal elimination half-life of upadacitinib ranged from 8 to 14 hours following administration of the extended-release formulation. In clinical trials, approximately 90% of upadacitinib in the systemic circulation was eliminated within 24 hours of dosing.

Hepatotoxicity
In the prelicensure clinical trials of upadacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, liver test abnormalities were frequent although usually mild. Some degree of ALT elevation arose in up to 11% of upadacitinib treated patients compared to 7% treated with placebo, but were above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 2% or less. Furthermore, similar rates of ALT elevations arose in patients treated with methotrexate or biologic DMARDs. In these trials that enrolled over 3000 patients, there were no reports of clinically apparent liver injury, serious cases of liver injury or liver-related deaths. Similarly, other JAK inhibitors such as tofacitinib and baricitinib have been associated with frequent minor serum aminotransferase elevations during treatment, but episodes of clinically apparent liver injury have not been reported. Thus, this class of agents is suspected but not proven capable of causing liver injury.
In addition, long term treatment with upadacitinib and other Janus kinase inhibitors has been linked to rare instances of reactivation of hepatitis B that can be severe and has been linked to fatal outcomes. Reactivation can become clinically apparent after the JAK inhibitor is discontinued, when immune restoration results in an immunologic response to the heightened viral replication.
Likelihood score: D (possible, rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury including reactivation of hepatitis B in susceptible patients).

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the use of upadacitinib during breastfeeding. Most sources recommend that mothers not breastfeed while taking upadacitinib. An alternate drug is preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. The manufacturer recommends that breastfeeding be withheld for 6 days after the last dose.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Protein Binding
Upadacitinib is 52% bound to human plasma proteins.

[1]. Recent Progress in JAK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. BioDrugs. 2016 Oct;30(5):407-419.

[2]. THU0127 Pharmacodynamics of A Novel JAK1 Selective Inhibitor in Rat Arthritis and Anemia Models and in Healthy Human Subjects. doi 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.3823.

[3]. In vitro and in vivo characterization of the JAK1 selectivity of upadacitinib (ABT-494). BMC Rheumatol. 2018 Aug 28;2:23.

Pharmacodynamics
Upadacitinib is a DMARD that works by inhibiting the Janus Kinases (JAKs), which are essential downstream cell signalling mediators of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is believed that these pro-inflammatory cytokines play a role in many autoimmune inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In clinical trials, upadacitinib decreased the activity of pro-inflammatory interleukins, transiently increased the levels of lymphocytes, and insignificantly decreased the levels of immunoglobulins from the baseline.

C17H19F3N6O

380.367573022842

380.157

1310726-60-3

Upadacitinib-15N,d2;Upadacitinib tartrate tetrahydrate;1607431-21-9

58557659

White to yellow solid powder

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

16-19

1.678

3.06

78.3

2

6

3

27

561

2

CC[C@@H]1CN(C[C@@H]1C2=CN=C3N2C4=C(NC=C4)N=C3)C(=O)NCC(F)(F)F

WYQFJHHDOKWSHR-MNOVXSKESA-N

InChI=1S/C17H19F3N6O/c1-2-10-7-25(16(27)24-9-17(18,19)20)8-11(10)13-5-22-14-6-23-15-12(26(13)14)3-4-21-15/h3-6,10-11,21H,2,7-9H2,1H3,(H,24,27)/t10-,11+/m1/s1

(3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-(3H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-e]pyrazin-8-yl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxamide

ABT-494, ABT 494, ABT494

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~262.90 mM)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (7.23 mM) (饱和度未知) in 5% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 50% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (7.23 mM) (饱和度未知) in 5% DMSO + 95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (4.39 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 16.7 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (4.39 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100μL 16.7mg/mL澄清的DMSO储备液加入到900μL 20％SBE-β-CD生理盐水中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 5 中的溶解度: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (4.39 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 16.7 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入900 μL 玉米油中，混合均匀。

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配方 6 中的溶解度: (饱和度未知) in (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加),
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。