Diagnostic agent

类过氧化物酶活性： 4-氨基马尿酸（4-AHA）还原/稳定的金纳米颗粒具有本征类过氧化物酶活性。对TMB底物的动力学分析显示米氏方程行为（K_m = 0.094 mM，V_max = 2.68 × 10^-8 M•s^-1）。Hg²⁺显著抑制活性（检测限：0.1 nM），而Fe³⁺增强活性（检测限：0.5 μM）。[1]
电化学传感： 4-AHA功能化碳纳米管通过阳极溶出伏安法选择性检测Cu²⁺。最佳响应条件为pH 4.5和120 s富集时间。线性范围：0.1–100 μM（检测限：0.05 μM）。[2]
代谢物分析： ADHD患者血浆4-AHA水平（0.19 ± 0.07 μg/mL）显著低于对照组（0.31 ± 0.09 μg/mL, p<0.001），检测采用丹磺酰同位素标记LC-MS法。[3]

类过氧化物酶动力学： 将4-AHA稳定的AuNPs（0.15 nM）与TMB（0.02–0.35 mM）在醋酸盐缓冲液（pH 4.0）中混合，加入H₂O₂（50 mM）后，每30秒记录652 nm吸光度持续5分钟。通过Lineweaver-Burk图计算动力学参数。
选择性测试： 向TMB-H₂O₂-AuNP体系加入金属离子（Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺等，10 μM）。仅Hg²⁺和Fe³⁺显著改变活性。[1]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
EXCRETION OF P-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID DURING SWEATING IN MAN: SWEAT/PLASMA RATIO: 0.02; PKA= 3.8. /FROM TABLE/
1.4% OF DOSE OF P-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID IS EXCRETED IN BILE OF RAT AFTER 3 HR. /FROM TABLE/
BILIARY EXCRETION OF 4-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID IN DIFFERENT SPECIES: % OF DOSE EXCRETED IN 3 HR: RAT 3.3; GUINEA PIG 6.7; RABBIT 3.0; DOG 3.4; CAT 0.7; HEN 0.5. /FROM TABLE/
SERUM EXTRACTION RATIO...FROM DOG RENAL CORTEX.../IS/ 0.74 FOR P-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID...
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for P-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
YIELDS P-ACETAMIDOHIPPURIC ACID IN PIGS: GYRD-HANSEN, N & F RASMUSSEN, ACTA PHYSIOL SCAND, 80, 249 (1970). /FROM TABLE/
ORALLY ADMIN PAH GAVE RISE TO P-AMINOBENZOIC ACID, P-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID, P-ACETYLAMINOBENZOIC ACID, P-ACETYLAMINOHIPPURIC ACID, & P-ACETYLAMINOBENZOYLGLUCURONIC ACID IN URINE. WHEN ADMIN IV, ONLY P-ACETYLAMINOHIPPURIC ACID & UNCHANGED P-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID WERE EXCRETED.

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Biological Half-Life
The biologic half-life of PAH in patients with normal renal function is 24 minutes.

Interactions
...DRUGS THAT SHARE A COMMON EXCRETORY PATHWAY WITH PAH (EG, PENICILLIN), THOSE THAT INHIBIT RENAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT (EG, PROBENECID), OR THOSE THAT HAVE A URICOSURIC EFFECT (EG, SALICYLATES) CAN INTERFERE WITH PAH CLEARANCE.
RENAL EXCRETION OF HALOFENATE IS...DIMINISHED BY...P-AMINOHIPPURATE /IN CHIMPANZEES/ @ ALL OBSERVED URINARY PH VALUES.
Patients receiving drugs that employ the same tubular excretory mechanism as PAH may exhibit mutually decreased excretion of the drugs because of competitive inhibition. Agents that share a common excretory mechanism include diuretics, iodopyracet, penicillin, phenolsulfonphthalein, probenecid, and saliclyates.
Agents that interfere with calorimetric analytical procedures, including procaine, sulfonamides, and thiazolsulfone, prevent accurate urinary measurements of PAH.

Peroxidase-mimetic kinetics: Activity was measured by mixing 4-AHA-stabilized AuNPs (0.15 nM) with TMB (0.02–0.35 mM) in acetate buffer (pH 4.0). After adding H₂O₂ (50 mM), absorbance at 652 nm was recorded every 30 s for 5 min. Kinetic parameters were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots.
Selectivity testing: Interference studies involved adding metal ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, etc.) at 10 μM to the TMB-H₂O₂-AuNP system. Only Hg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ altered activity significantly. [1]

P-aminohippuric acid is an N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow. It has a role as a Daphnia magna metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a p-aminohippurate.
Aminohippuric acid has been reported in Brassica napus and Daphnia magna with data available.
Aminohippurate Sodium is sodium salt of aminohippuric acid. Aminohippurate sodium is used as a non-toxic diagnostic tool to measure effective renal plasma flow. At low plasma concentration this agent is filtered by the glomeruli and almost completely cleared from the renal blood stream by active tubular secretion in a single transit through the kidney. Its clearance corresponds to the renal plasma blood flow. Aminohippurate sodium is also used to measure functional capacity of the renal tubular secretory mechanism. This is achieved by elevating the drug plasma concentration to levels sufficient to saturate the maximal secretion capacity of the tubular cells.
The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

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Drug Indication
Used to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and to determine the functional capacity of the tubular excretory mechanism.

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Mechanism of Action
Aminohippurate is filtered by the renal glomeruli and secreted into the urine by the proximal tubules. By measuring the amount of drug in the urine it is possible to determine functional capacity and effective renal plasma flow.
P-AMINOHIPPURATE (PAH) IS PROTOTYPE FOR AN AGENT EXCRETED BY ORGANIC ACID TRANSPORT SYSTEM...LOCATED IN PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES...PROTEIN-BOUND TOXICANTS ARE FULLY AVAIL FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT. /PROCESS HAS/...ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM; THEREFORE VARIOUS COMPD COMPETE WITH ONE ANOTHER FOR SECRETION.

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Therapeutic Uses
Aminohippurate sodium (PAH) is used in plasma concentrations of 10-20 ug/ml to estimate effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) which is an index of renal function. In these low plasma concentrations, PAH is extracted almost completely from the plasma with each passage through functional renal tissue, and the value obtained for PAH clearance is accepted as being numerically equal to the ERPF. In plasma concentration of 400-600 ug/ml, PAH is used in conjunction with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurements to estimate the functional capacity of the renal tubular secretory mechanism. Since PAH is excreted both by tubular secretion and glomerular filtration, tubular transport capacity can be determined by comparing PAH excretion with values for GFR obtained by inulin clearance. Although this test may be the best quantitative measure of functioning nephron mass, its complexity prevents its widespread use. PAH clearance tests are more accurate but also more complex than phenolsulfonphthalein excretion tests for evaluation of renal blood flow. In most clinical situations, simpler (although less precise) methods of renal function evaluation are used.
MEDICATION: DIAGNOSTIC AID (RENAL FUNCTION DETERMINATION) /SRP: NOT COMMONLY USED IN RENAL FUNCTION TEST/

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Drug Warnings
AT PLASMA LEVELS USED TO MEASURE MAX TUBULAR SECRETION, PAH SIGNIFICANTLY INCR SODIUM, POTASSIUM, & PHOSPHORUS CLEARANCE IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS. AT LEVELS USED TO MEASURE RENAL PLASMA FLOW, IT INCREASED ONLY SODIUM CLEARANCE.
MANY WORKERS ROUTINELY USE CLEARANCE OF PAH AS AN ESTIMATE OF RENAL PLASMA FLOW. ...PRACTICE /WAS NOT RECOMMENDED/ FOR 3 REASONS: 1) RENAL EXTRACTION OF PAH IS...VARIABLE EVEN WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS LOW, 2) PAH IS REABSORBED, 3) PAH MAY SUPPRESS RENAL TRANSPORT OF TEST DRUG IF IT IS A WEAK ORGANIC ACID.
WHEN PLASMA CONCN OF PAH ARE RAISED RAPIDLY, PATIENTS MAY EXPERIENCE NAUSEA OR VOMITING & A SENSATION OF SUDDEN WARMTH, SYMPTOMS THAT CAN BE AVOIDED BY INFUSING DRUG MORE SLOWLY.
Adverse reactions which have been reported in association with the administration of aminohippurate sodium (PAH) include nausea, vomiting, cramps, vasomotor disturbances, flushing, tingling, a sensation of warmth, and the desire to defecate or urinate during or shortly after administration of the drug.
PAH must be administered with caution in patients with low cardiac reserve, since a rapid increase in plasma volume may precipitate congestive heart failure. The large dose required to achieve the plasma concentrations necessary for the determination of the maximum tubular secretion should be administered slowly and with caution, and the patient should be continuously observed for any adverse reactions. PAH is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation.

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Pharmacodynamics
Aminohippurate (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH, PAHA) is the glycine amide of p-aminobenzoic acid. It is filtered by the glomeruli and is actively secreted by the proximal tubules. At low plasma concentrations (1.0 to 2.0 mg/100 mL), an average of 90 percent of aminohippurate is cleared by the kidneys from the renal blood stream in a single circulation. It is ideally suited for measurement of ERPF since it has a high clearance, is essentially nontoxic at the plasma concentrations reached with recommended doses, and its analytical determination is relatively simple and accurate. Aminohippurate is also used to measure the functional capacity of the renal tubular secretory mechanism or transport maximum (Tm_PAH). This is accomplished by elevating the plasma concentration to levels (40-60 mg/100 mL) sufficient to saturate the maximal capacity of the tubular cells to secrete aminohippurate. Inulin clearance is generally measured during Tm_PAH determinations since glomerular filtration rate (GFR) must be known before calculations of secretory Tm measurements can be done.

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Additional Info: 4-AHA-AuNPs served as nanozymes for colorimetric detection: Blue-green color (652 nm) development indicated peroxidase activity, suppressed by Hg²⁺ (linear range: 0.1–100 nM) and enhanced by Fe³⁺ (0.5–50 μM). [1]
4-AHA-CNT electrode showed high selectivity for Cu²⁺ over Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ due to selective complexation. [2]
Reduced plasma 4-AHA may correlate with mitochondrial dysfunction in ADHD. [3]

C9H10N2O3

194.1873

216.051

C, 50.01; H, 4.20; N, 12.96; Na, 10.63; O, 22.20

94-16-6

61-78-9 (free acid); 94-16-6 (sodium)

2148

NEEDLES FROM HOT WATER
PRISMS FROM WATER
WHITE, CRYSTALLINE POWDER

517.2ºC at 760 mmHg

123-125°C

266.6ºC

-0.9

95.25

3

4

3

14

222

0

[Na].O=C(CNC(C1C=CC(N)=CC=1)=O)O

HSMNQINEKMPTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C9H10N2O3/c10-7-3-1-6(2-4-7)9(14)11-5-8(12)13/h1-4H,5,10H2,(H,11,14)(H,12,13)

2-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]acetic acid

Aminohippurate sodium; 94-16-6; Sodium p-aminohippurate; p-Aminohippurate sodium; Monosodium p-aminohippurate; Natrium 4-aminohippurat; Sodium para-Aminohippurate; Paraaminohippurate;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~462.60 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 46 mg/mL (~212.80 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.56 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.56 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.56 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 100 mg/mL (462.60 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。