在生化工作中，DL-二硫苏糖醇经常用于保护生物分子、在丙酮分析 (SDS-PAGE) 之前使蛋白质变性以及减少二硫键。

---

- DTT（二硫苏糖醇）在体外作为强还原剂，可特异性将蛋白质和多肽中的二硫键（S-S）还原为巯基（-SH）。它广泛应用于蛋白质纯化、电泳、酶学实验等场景，维持蛋白质的还原态和可溶状态[1]
- DTT（二硫苏糖醇）能抑制蛋白质分子内或分子间二硫键的形成，帮助在体外实验体系中保留蛋白质的结构和功能[1]

- 在细胞相关实验中，DTT（二硫苏糖醇）常被加入细胞裂解液，还原细胞蛋白质中的二硫键，避免蛋白质聚集，维持其溶解性，以便后续分析（如Western blot、蛋白质定量）[1]
- DTT（二硫苏糖醇）可在适宜浓度下用于细胞培养体系，维持还原环境，但高浓度可能影响细胞活力[1]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Two male patients with late stage (uremic) infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) were treated by mouth with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), at doses not exceeding 25 mg/kg body weight three times per day. Three sequential periods of observation were obtained in both patients: on thiol (8.5 months); off thiol (8-9 months); on thiol again (7 months or longer)... Whereas chemical methods are not reliable for detecting and measuring DTT in biologic fluids, preliminary evidence indicates that a silylated derivative of oxidized DTT can be detected in the urine of patients receiving DTT by mouth. This finding suggests that the thiol is absorbed and excreted.

---

Metabolism / Metabolites
Two male patients with late stage (uremic) infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) were treated by mouth with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), at doses not exceeding 25 mg/kg body weight three times per day. Three sequential periods of observation were obtained in both patients: on thiol (8.5 months); off thiol (8-9 months); on thiol again (7 months or longer)... Whereas chemical methods are not reliable for detecting and measuring DTT in biologic fluids, preliminary evidence indicates that a silylated derivative of oxidized DTT can be detected in the urine of patients receiving DTT by mouth. This finding suggests that the thiol is absorbed and excreted.

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT) is frequently used in biochemical experiments that involve proteins or peptides, protecting sulfhydryl groups from oxidation and reducing disulfide bonds between cysteines. It is also used in the study of disulfide exchange reactions of protein disulfides, and DTT is able to keep glutathione in the reduced state. It has been tested as experimental therapy in cystinosis or medical conditions resulting from ion or metal toxicity. HUMAN STUDIES: DTT triggers apoptosis in HL-60 cells. DTT is used in the liquefication of sputum recovered from asthma patients. Two male patients with late stage (uremic) infantile nephropathic cystinosis were treated by mouth with the reducing agent DTT, at doses not exceeding 25 mg/kg body weight three times per day. Other than nausea and vomiting at the maximum dose range, no apparent toxicity was observed. One subject died in uremia in the 24th month of the study. ANIMAL STUDIES: Depression of rat's heart and intestinal tissues by DTT severely limits its use as antioxidant to protect readily air oxidizable drugs during pharmacological testing with these standard tissue preparations. Treatment with dithiothreitol can mimic intracellular activation of the potent cytotoxin of Clostridium difficile, toxin B.

---

Interactions
The extensively used thiol antioxidants (dithiothreitol, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine) in combination with hydroxycobalamine (vitamin B12) gain toxic activity in relation to human lymphocytic leukemia cell line HL60. Combined treatment with thiol and vitamin B12 was followed by early destabilization of lysosomes and apoptotic death of cells. The cytotoxic effect was abolished by caspase inhibitors. An iron-chelating agent deferoxamine partly prevented cell death, while lysosomal protease inhibitor pepstatin produced no protective effect.
Arsenic is naturally occurring toxic metalloid and drinking As2 O3 containing water are recognized to be related to increased risk of neurotoxicity, liver injury, blackfoot disease, hypertension, and cancer. On the contrary, As2 O3 has been an ancient drug used in traditional Chinese medicine with substantial anticancer activities, especially in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia as well as chronic wound healing. However, the cytotoxicity and detail mechanisms of As2 O3 action in solid cancer cells, such as oral cancer cells, are largely unknown. In this study, we have primarily cultured four pairs of tumor and nontumor cells from the oral cancer patients and treated the cells with As2 O3 alone or combined with dithiothreitol (DTT). The results showed that 0.5 uM As2 O3 plus 20 uM DTT caused a significant cell death of oral cancer cells but not the nontumor cells. Also As2 O3 plus DTT upregulated Bax and Bak, downregulated Bcl-2 and p53, caused a loss of mitochondria membrane potential in oral cancer cells. On the other way, As2 O3 also triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and increased the levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, calpain 1 and 2. Our results suggest that DTT could synergistically enhance the effects of As2 O3 on killing oral cancer cells while nontoxic to the nontumor cells. The combination is promising for clinical practice in oral cancer therapy and worth further investigations.
It has been found previously that vitamin B12b amplifies significantly the cytotoxic effects of ascorbic acid by catalyzing the formation of reactive oxygen species, and the antioxidant dithiothreitol (DTT), in contrast to catalase, does not prevent the cytotoxicity. Therefore, in this study we examined whether B12b is able to enhance the cytotoxicity of DTT. It was revealed that B12b strongly increases the cytotoxic effect of DTT. Vitamin B12b added to DTT catalyzed the generation and drastic accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in culture medium to a concentration of 260 microM within 7 min. The extracellular oxidative burst induced by the combination of B12b and DTT (DTT + B12b) was accompanied by intracellular oxidative stress, the destabilization of lysosomes, and damage to DNA. The accumulation of DNA lesions led to the initiation of apoptotic cell death, including the activation of caspase-3 and the release of cytochrome c. The antioxidants pyruvate and catalase completely prevented the DTT + B12b-induced oxidative stress and cell death. The iron chelators desferrioxamine and phenanthroline prevented the geno- and cytotoxic action of the combination although they did not reduce the exogenous oxidative burst, indicating a key role for intracellular iron in the cytotoxicity of the combination. Thus, vitamin B12b dramatically enhances the cytotoxicity of DTT, catalyzing the generation of hydrogen peroxide and inducing extra- and intracellular oxidative stress, early destabilization of lysosomes, and iron-dependent DNA damage.
Inorganic trivalent arsenicals are vicinal thiol-reacting agents, and dithiothreitol (DTT) is a well-known dithiol agent. Interestingly, both decreasing and increasing effects of DTT on arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis have been reported. We now provide data to show that, at high concentrations, DTT, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid (DMPS) decreased arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. In contrast, at low concentrations DTT, DMSA, and DMPS increased the arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis. DTT at a high concentration (3 mM) decreased, whereas at a low concentration (0.1 mM), it increased the cell growth inhibition of arsenic trioxide, methylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) in NB4 cells. DMSA and DMPS are currently used as antidotes for acute arsenic poisoning. These two dithiol compounds also show an inverse-hormetic effect on arsenic toxicity in terms of DNA damage, micronucleus induction, apoptosis, and colony formation in experiments using human epithelial cell lines derived from arsenic target tissues such as the kidney and bladder. With the oral administration of dithiols, the concentrations of these dithiol compounds in the human body are likely to be low. Therefore, the present results suggest the necessity of reevaluating the therapeutic effect of these dithiol compounds for arsenic poisoning.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for 1,4-Dithiothreitol (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

---

Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Mice im 108 mg/kg
LD50 Mice ip 154 mg/kg

---

- DTT is toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. The oral LD50 of DTT in rats is approximately 1500 mg/kg [1]
- Exposure to DTT may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. High concentrations can induce oxidative stress in cells [1]

[1]. Dithiothreitol, From Wikipedia.

1,4-dithiothreitol is the threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. It has a role as a reducing agent, a chelator and a human metabolite. It is a dithiol and a 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.
Dithiothreitol has been reported in Homo sapiens with data available.
A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols.

---

- DTT (Dithiothreitol) is a small-molecule thiol compound with the chemical formula C4H10O2S2 [1]
- Its core mechanism relies on the reversible oxidation of its two thiol groups to form a disulfide bond, enabling it to function as a reducing agent in biochemical experiments [1]
- DTT is primarily a laboratory reagent, not a therapeutic drug. It is commonly used in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology research (e.g., SDS-PAGE, protein purification, antibody preparation) [1]
- DTT is more stable than other reducing agents (e.g., β-mercaptoethanol) and has a higher reducing potential, making it suitable for experiments requiring long-term maintenance of a reducing environment [1]

C4H10O2S2

154.2510

154.012

3483-12-3

DL-dithiothreitol-d6;850153-85-4;L-Dithiothreitol;16096-97-2;DL-dithiothreitol-d10;302912-05-6;DL-dithiothreitol-d10-1;203633-21-0

19001

White to off-white solid powder

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

364.5±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg

38-43ºC

174.2±27.9 °C

0.0±1.8 mmHg at 25°C

1.579

0.07

118.06

4

4

3

8

52

0

VHJLVAABSRFDPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C4H10O2S2/c5-3(1-7)4(6)2-8/h3-8H,1-2H2

1,4-bis(sulfanyl)butane-2,3-diol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： (1). 本产品在运输和储存过程中需避光。  (2). 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中（例如氮气保护），避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ≥ 200 mg/mL (~1296.60 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~648.30 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.21 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

---

配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.21 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

---

View More

配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.21 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

---

配方 4 中的溶解度: 100 mg/mL (648.30 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

---

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。