CDK9 (IC50 = 34 nM); CDK2 (IC50 = 240 nM); CDK1 (IC50 = 250 nM); CDK5 (IC50 = 460 nM); GSK3-β (IC50 = 220 nM); Mk2 (IC50 = 470 nM); Plk1 (IC50 = 980 nM); Chk2 (IC50 = 1100 nM)

体外活性：PHA-767491 对 Cdk1、Cdk2 和 GSK3-β 的选择性约为 20 倍，对 MK2 和 Cdk5 的选择性约为 50 倍，对 PLK1 和 CHK2 的选择性约为 100 倍。 PHA-767491 可抑制多种人类细胞系的细胞增殖，SF-268 的 IC50 为 0.86 μM，K562 的 IC50 为 5.87 μM，并且与 5-FU 或吉西他滨仅在少数细胞系中起作用。与目前的 DNA 合成抑制剂不同，5 μM 的 PHA-767491 处理会阻止 DNA 复制的启动，但不会阻止复制叉的进展，因为它对 Cdc7 激酶和 Cdc7 依赖性 Ser40 位点的 Mcm2 磷酸化有特异性抑制。 3 μM 的 PHA-767491 处理可显着降低 ABT-737 耐药性 OCI-LY1 和 SU-DHL-4 细胞中上调的 Mcl-1 水平，这可能是由于 Cdk9 的抑制，从而恢复对 ABT-737 敏感。当以 1 μM 浓度应用于静态慢性淋巴细胞白血病 (CLL) 细胞时，通过类似的机制也观察到 PHA-767491 的直接线粒体依赖性促凋亡作用，EC50 为 0.34-0.97 μM。在 CD154 和 IL-4 刺激的 CLL 细胞增殖中，5 μM 的 PHA-767491 处理通过抑制 Cdc7 来消除 DNA 合成，而不是触发细胞死亡。激酶测定：PHA-767491 对 Cdc7 和 Cdk9 的抑制 (IC50) 使用基于强阴离子交换剂（Dowex 1-X8 树脂，甲酸盐形式）的测定来确定。对于每种酶，首先确定 ATP 和特定底物的绝对 Km 值，然后以优化的 ATP/33P-γ-ATP 混合物 (2Km) 和底物 (5Km) 浓度运行每次测定。 Cdc7 激酶测定在含有 50 mM Hepes pH 7.9、15 mM MgCl2、2 mM β-磷酸甘油、0.2 mg/mL BSA、1 mM DTT、3 μM Na3VO4、2Km ATP/33P-γ-ATP 混合物、5Km 的缓冲液中进行Mcm2 (aa 10-294)、37 nM 重组 Cdc7/Dbf4 和浓度不断增加的 PHA-767491，最终体积为 30 μL，并在 25 °C 下孵育 1 小时。使用 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5、10 mM MgCl2、1 mM DTT、3 μM Na3VO4、2Km ATP/33P-γ-ATP 混合物、5Km RNA 聚合酶 CDT 肽和增量溶液中的 50 nM 重组 Cdk9/cyclin T 进行 Cdk9 激酶测定。将 PHA-767491 浓缩至最终体积 30 μL，并在 25 °C 下孵育 1 小时。孵育后，加入 150 μL 树脂/甲酸盐 (pH 3.0) 以停止反应并捕获未反应的 33P-γ-ATP，将其与溶液中的磷酸化底物分离。静置 1 小时后，将 50 μL 上清液转移至 Optiplate 96 孔板中。添加 150 μL Microscint 40 后，在 TopCount 中对放射性进行计数。细胞测定：将细胞（HeLa、MCF7、HCT-116、U2OS、A2780、K562、SF-539、SF-268、Ovcar8、SW480、COLO205、HCT-15、Jurkat、PC3 和 NHDF）暴露于 PHA-767491 24 或 72 小时。将细胞裂解，并使用基于热稳定性萤火虫荧光素酶的测定法测定孔中的 ATP 含量（用作活细胞的测量值）。 caspase-3 和 caspase-7 的激活通过基于荧光素酶的测定（包含特定的发光底物）以处理的样品与未处理的对照之间的比率来测量。 DNA 复制是通过流式细胞术将核苷酸类似物 BrdU 掺入 DNA 来测量的。

PHA-767491 每天两次，持续 5 天，以剂量依赖性方式显着抑制 HL60 异种移植物的生长，剂量为 20 mg/kg 和 30 mg/kg 时，TGI 分别为 50% 和 92%。这也在 A2780、Mx-1 和 HCT-116 异种移植模型以及 DMBA 诱导的乳腺癌中被标记，并且与 Cdc7 抑制以及随后 Cdc7 依赖位点 Ser40 处 Mcm2 磷酸化的降低相关。

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PHA-767491对肿瘤模型具有抗肿瘤活性[4]
PHA-767491作为一种抗癌药物的潜力首次在裸鼠身上进行了评估，裸鼠携带来自急性髓性白血病（AML） HL60人细胞系的皮下植入肿瘤。在静脉注射20和30 mg kg−1两种剂量水平，每天两次，连续5天后，观察到相对于药物治疗的动物，肿瘤体积呈剂量依赖性减少（图4a）。在治疗结束后的第二天计算，肿瘤生长抑制在低剂量下为50%，在高剂量下为92%，其中8只动物中有5只观察到肿瘤消退的证据。在此条件下，化合物达到微摩尔血浆水平，浓度-时间曲线下面积（AUC）分别为47 μM h−1和71 μM h−1，与基于细胞的活性水平一致。PHA-767491在组织中表现出良好的体积分布（约为体内总含水量的两倍），并能迅速从血浆中清除（在线补充图7）。在这些剂量下，这种化合物似乎具有良好的耐受性，并且没有引起明显的体重减轻；然而，进一步的剂量增加是不能容忍的。在一项毒理学研究中，PHA-767491每天两次，剂量为30 mg kg−1，持续5天，未观察到临床症状或大体病变。从治疗动物身上移植的36个不同器官的组织病理学分析表明，睾丸萎缩，骨髓骨髓中度增生，脾脏淋巴细胞减少，这与报道的Cdc7在睾丸中的高水平表达和Cdc7在高增殖组织中的作用一致。在A2780卵巢癌、Mx-1乳腺腺癌和HCT-116结肠癌异种移植模型中，给药PHA-767491也导致肿瘤生长抑制，治疗5天后，肿瘤生长抑制率约为50%（图4b和在线补充图8）。
然后，我们给患有7,12-二甲基苯(a)蒽（DMBA, 12）诱导的乳腺癌的大鼠注射PHA-767491 10天。在这个实验中，肿瘤生长在治疗期间受到抑制，并在接下来的两周内显著降低（图4c）。为了将抗肿瘤活性与Cdc7抑制作用联系起来，用western blot方法分析了从对照或动物外植的HCT-116肿瘤，并对其进行了5 d周期的PHA-767491处理。在治疗动物的肿瘤中，cdc7依赖位点Ser40的Mcm2磷酸化显著降低（图5a）。肿瘤切片的免疫组织化学（IHC）证实，在处理过的肿瘤活区，大多数细胞的Ser40 Mcm2磷酸化水平较低（图5b），而Ser807/811的Rb磷酸化水平和cyclin a阳性细胞的数量没有减少。PHA-767491处理导致ki67阳性细胞显著增加，原因尚不清楚。
总之，这些结果表明(i) PHA-767491可以在体内抑制Cdc7激酶，（ii） Mcm2磷酸化的丧失是该化合物对活的循环细胞的直接影响，而不是由治疗肿瘤细胞的增殖指数下降或坏死区域的差异引起的-坏死区域是hct -116来源的异种移植肿瘤的特征38。
我们得出结论，PHA-767491在多种临床前癌症模型和至少两种不同物种体内具有抗肿瘤活性。

将浓度逐渐增加的每种 DDK 抑制剂与 20 ng 纯化的人 DDK 预孵育 5 分钟。添加 1.5 µM 冷 ATP 和 10 µCi (γ)-³²P ATP 后，将混合物与 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)、10 mM MgCl₂ 混合和 1 mM DTT。然后在 30°C 下孵育 30 分钟。蛋白质在 1X Laemmli 缓冲液中于 100°C 变性后，进行 SDS-PAGE 和 HyBlot CL 胶片上的放射自显影。测量 DDK 激酶活性的一种方法是寻找自磷酸化。 ImageJ 用于量化 ³²P 标记条带，GraphPad 用于确定 IC50 值。

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体外激酶测定。[4]
该化合物对Cdc7和属于我们激酶选择性筛选（KSS）面板的37种其他激酶的效力是通过基于强阴离子交换剂（Dowex 1-X8树脂，甲酸酯形式）的测定或闪烁接近测定来确定的，如前所述25,26。用50 nM重组Cdk9/cyclin T在50 mM HEPES pH 7.5、10 mM MgCl2、1 mM DTT、3 μM Na3VO4、150 μM RNA聚合酶CDT肽和80 μM ATP中测定Cdk9活性。Cdk7实验在相同的缓冲液中进行，使用37 nM纯化激酶，存在200 μM ATP和10 μM髓鞘结合蛋白作为底物。
对于每种酶，首先确定ATP和特定底物的绝对Km值，然后在优化的ATP （2Km）和底物（5Km）浓度下运行每个实验。因为在这些条件下IC50 = 3βKi，这个设置可以直接比较整个KSS面板上PHA-767491的IC50值，以评估其生化选择性。

用于测定的96孔板的每个孔中铺有2500个细胞。 24小时后，细胞接受小分子抑制剂处理，然后在37°C下孵育72小时。接下来，细胞进行裂解，并采用 CellTiter-Glo 测定来量化 ATP 含量，作为代谢活跃细胞的标记。利用GraphPad软件确定IC50值。用于测定的六孔板中每孔铺有 100,000 个细胞。一天后将小分子抑制剂应用于细胞，然后培养不同的时间长度。将胰蛋白酶处理的细胞悬浮于 5 毫升磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。将 30 µL 该悬浮液与 30 µL CellTiter-Glo 试剂混合后，在室温下孵育 10 分钟。 EnVision 2104 多标签读板机和 BioTek Synergy Neo 酶标仪用于测量光度。

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细胞活力测定[3]
5×103 U87-MG和U251-MG细胞于处理前24 h接种于96孔板。第二天，用抑制剂（终浓度为10µM）、溶剂对照（水）或不处理细胞。72h后，细胞上加入10µl PrestoBlue细胞活力试剂，测定细胞活力。将溶剂控制的活力设为100%，计算相对细胞活力。实验至少重复了三次。

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细胞增殖试验[3]
将U87-MG和U251-MG细胞在添加1% FBS的培养基中保持24 h，然后将1 × 104个U87-MG和U251-MG细胞接种于96孔板中。第二天，用抑制剂（终浓度2.5或10µM）、溶剂对照（水）或不处理细胞。治疗72小时后，按照制造商的说明使用溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU）细胞增殖ELISA试剂盒。将溶剂对照处理的细胞增殖率设为100%，计算细胞的相对增殖率。

Female SCID mice subcutaneously implanted with HL60 cells, male Hsd, athymic nu-nu mice subcutaneously implanted with HCT116 cells, A2780 or Mx-1 cells, and female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas
~50 mg/kg
Intravenous or oral administration twice a day

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Animal studies.[4]
HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell lines (from ATCC) were transplanted s.c. into athymic mice. Mice bearing a palpable tumor (100–200 mm3 ) were selected and randomized into control and treated groups. Treatment started one day after randomization. In the HL-60 study, female SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with 5x106 leukemia cells. Treatments started when tumors were 200-250 mm3 in size. PHA-76749 was typically administered by intra-venous administration at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg twice a day for five consecutive days. Each group included 8 animals. Tumor dimension was measured regularly by calipers during the experiments and tumor mass was calculated as described 1 . The tumor growth inhibition (TGI, %) was calculated according to the equation: % TGI = 100 – (mean tumor weight of treated group/mean tumor weight of control group) * 100. 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and its vehicle sesame oil were used. Female 50-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were intubated with a single intragastric dose of 20 mg of DMBA in 1.0 ml of sesame oil. After approximately 50 days, animals were examined by palpation. When at least one mammary tumor measuring 1 cm in diameter was identified, the rats were placed sequentially into two groups and treated i.v. daily with 10 mg/kg/day of PHA-76749 or its vehicle. Each group included 9 animals and the volume of 18 (control group) or 17 (PHA-76749 treated group) primary tumors was measured using Vernier calipers forthe duration of the experiment. In the treated group one death occurred one week after the end of treatment.

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Toxicological study. [4]
Male Balb Nu/Nu mice were given an intravenous dose of 30 mg/kg PHA-76749 twice a day for 5 consecutive days. Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, rectum, sternum/bone marrow, joint, pancreas, liver, kidneys, heart, lung, spleen, submandibular salivary gland, sublingual salivary gland, parotid, submandibular lymph node, hearth, skeletal muscle, pituitary gland, brain, aorta, testis, epididymides, thyroid, parathyroid, esophagus, trachea, sciatic nerve, diaphragm, prostate, seminal vesicle, spinal cord, eye, lacrimal gland, and tail were examined by a pathologist. Tissues were processed into wax blocks, sectioned and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. May Grunwald-Giemsa stained bone marrow smears were examined.

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Dissolved in DMSO, and diluted in saline; 50 mg/kg; Intravenous or oral administration twice a day

Female SCID mice subcutaneously implanted with HL60 cells, male Hsd, athymic nu-nu mice subcutaneously implanted with HCT116 cells, A2780 or Mx-1 cells, and female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas.

In a toxicology study in which PHA-767491 was administered for 5 d at 30 mg kg−1 twice a day, no clinical signs or gross lesions were observed. Histopathological analysis of 36 different organs explanted from the treated animals indicated signs of atrophy of the testes, moderate myeloid hyperplasia in the bone marrow and minimal lymphoid depletion in the spleen, which is consistent with the reported high levels of Cdc7 expression in testis10 and with Cdc7's role in highly proliferating tissues. [4]

[1]. The potent Cdc7-Dbf4 (DDK) kinase inhibitor XL413 has limited activity in many cancer cell lines and discovery of potential new DDK inhibitor scaffolds. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 20;9(11):e113300.

[2]. Dual Inhibition of Cdc7 and Cdk9 by PHA-767491 Suppresses Hepatocarcinoma Synergistically with 5-Fluorouracil. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2015;15(3):196-204.

[3]. Cell division cycle 7-kinase inhibitor PHA-767491 hydrochloride suppresses glioblastoma growth and invasiveness. Cancer Cell Int. 2016 Nov 18;16:88.

[4]. A Cdc7 kinase inhibitor restricts initiation of DNA replication and has antitumor activity. Nat Chem Biol. 2008 Jun;4(6):357-65.

2-pyridin-4-yl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one is a pyrrolopyridine.
PHA-767491 is a Cdc7/CDK9 inhibitor.

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Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase or DDK (Dbf4-dependent kinase) is required to initiate DNA replication by phosphorylating and activating the replicative Mcm2-7 DNA helicase. DDK is overexpressed in many tumor cells and is an emerging chemotherapeutic target since DDK inhibition causes apoptosis of diverse cancer cell types but not of normal cells. PHA-767491 and XL413 are among a number of potent DDK inhibitors with low nanomolar IC50 values against the purified kinase. Although XL413 is highly selective for DDK, its activity has not been extensively characterized on cell lines. We measured anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of XL413 on a panel of tumor cell lines compared to PHA-767491, whose activity is well characterized. Both compounds were effective biochemical DDK inhibitors but surprisingly, their activities in cell lines were highly divergent. Unlike PHA-767491, XL413 had significant anti-proliferative activity against only one of the ten cell lines tested. Since XL413 did not effectively inhibit DDK in multiple cell lines, this compound likely has limited bioavailability. To identify potential leads for additional DDK inhibitors, we also tested the cross-reactivity of ∼400 known kinase inhibitors against DDK using a DDK thermal stability shift assay (TSA). We identified 11 compounds that significantly stabilized DDK. Several inhibited DDK with comparable potency to PHA-767491, including Chk1 and PKR kinase inhibitors, but had divergent chemical scaffolds from known DDK inhibitors. Taken together, these data show that several well-known kinase inhibitors cross-react with DDK and also highlight the opportunity to design additional specific, biologically active DDK inhibitors for use as chemotherapeutic agents.[1]

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Activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is essential in chemoresistance of hepatocarcinoma (HCC) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and other antimetabolite family of drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that PHA-767491, a dual inhibitor of two cell cycle checkpoint kinases, cell division cycle kinase 7 (Cdc7) and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9), has synergistic antitumor effect with 5-FU to suppress human HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the sole use of each agent, PHA-767491 in combination with 5-FU exhibited much stronger cytotoxicity and induced significant apoptosis manifested by remarkably increased caspase 3 activation and poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase fragmentation in HCC cells. PHA-767491 directly counteracted the 5-FU-induced phosphorylation of Chk1, a substrate of Cdc7; and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid leukemia cell 1, a downstream target of Cdk9. In tumor tissues sectioned from nude mice HCC xenografts, administration of PHA-767491 also decreased Chk1 phosphorylation and increased in situ cell apoptosis. Our study suggests that PHA- 767491 could enhance the efficacy of 5-FU by inhibiting Chk1 phosphorylation and down-regulating Mcl1 expression through inhibition of Cdc7 and Cdk9, thus combinational administration of PHA-767491 with 5-FU could be potentially beneficial to patients with advanced and resistant HCC. [2]

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Background: Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer cells, and this cellular phenomenon can emerge as a result of replicative stress. It is possible to take advantage of replicative stress, and enhance it in a targeted way to fight cancer cells. One of such strategies involves targeting the cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7), a protein with key roles in regulation of initiation of DNA replication. CDC7 overexpression is present in different cancers, and small molecule inhibitors of the CDC7 have well-documented anti-tumor effects. Here, we aimed to test the potential of CDC7 inhibition as a new strategy for glioblastoma treatment. Methods: PHA-767491 hydrochloride was used as the CDC7 inhibitor. Two glioblastoma cell lines (U87-MG and U251-MG) and a control cell line (3T3) were used to characterize the effects of CDC7 inhibition. The effect of CDC7 inhibition on cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were analyzed. In addition, real-time PCR arrays were used to identify the differentially expressed genes in response to CDC7 inhibition. Results: Our results showed that CDC7 inhibition reduces glioblastoma cell viability, suppresses cell proliferation, and triggers apoptosis in glioblastoma cell lines. In addition, we determined that CDC7 inhibition also suppresses glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. To identify molecular targets of CDC7 inhibition, we used real-time PCR arrays, which showed dysregulation of several mRNAs and miRNAs. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings suggest that CDC7 inhibition is a promising strategy for treatment of glioblastoma.[3]

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Cdc7 is an essential kinase that promotes DNA replication by activating origins of replication. Here, we characterized the potent Cdc7 inhibitor PHA-767491 (1) in biochemical and cell-based assays, and we tested its antitumor activity in rodents. We found that the compound blocks DNA synthesis and affects the phosphorylation of the replicative DNA helicase at Cdc7-dependent phosphorylation sites. Unlike current DNA synthesis inhibitors, PHA-767491 prevents the activation of replication origins but does not impede replication fork progression, and it does not trigger a sustained DNA damage response. Treatment with PHA-767491 results in apoptotic cell death in multiple cancer cell types and tumor growth inhibition in preclinical cancer models. To our knowledge, PHA-767491 is the first molecule that directly affects the mechanisms controlling initiation as opposed to elongation in DNA replication, and its activities suggest that Cdc7 kinase inhibition could be a new strategy for the development of anticancer therapeutics. [4]

C12H11N3O.HCL

249.7

249.067

C, 57.72; H, 4.84; Cl, 14.20; N, 16.83; O, 6.41.

942425-68-5

PHA-767491;845714-00-3; PHA-767491 hydrochloride;942425-68-5; 845538-12-7 (2HCl)

11715766

Light yellow to yellow solid powder

2.493

57.78

3

2

1

17

275

0

Cl.O=C1C2=C(NC(C3C=CN=CC=3)=C2)CCN1

IMVNFURYBZMFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C12H11N3O.ClH/c16-12-9-7-11(8-1-4-13-5-2-8)15-10(9)3-6-14-12;/h1-2,4-5,7,15H,3,6H2,(H,14,16);1H

2-pyridin-4-yl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one;hydrochloride

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 1 mg/mL (4.00 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 10.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 1 mg/mL (4.00 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 10.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: 5% DMSO+30% PEG 300+2% Tween 80+ddH2O: 1mg/mL

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 50 mg/mL (200.24 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。