CaMK II

用 KN-93 磷酸盐处理两天后，95% 的细胞处于 G1 期。 G1 停滞是可逆的，KN-93 磷酸盐释放一天后，细胞高峰进入 S 期和 G2-M 期。当 NIH 3T3 成纤维细胞受到血小板衍生生长因子-BB、表皮生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子刺激时，KN-93 磷酸盐还会抑制其增殖 [1]。虽然 KN-93 磷酸盐强烈消散胃膜囊泡中产生的质子梯度并减少腔体积，但它也抑制 H+ 和 K+-ATP 酶的作用 [2]。使用 KN-93 磷酸盐 (0.5 μM) 可以防止动作电位延长和早期后除极期间左室发育应激升高。早期后除极的特点是独立于 Ca2+ 的 CaM 激酶活性升高，该活性被 KN-93 磷酸盐抑制[3]。 KN-93 (10 μM) 显着抑制葡萄糖诱导的 CaMKII/NF-κB 信号传导增强，进而减少 Müller 细胞 VEGF、iNOS 和 ICAM-1 的产生[4]。

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CaMK II（II型多功能Ca2+/钙调素激酶）是一种普遍存在的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶，由Ca2+和钙调素（CaM）激活，与细胞周期控制有关。NIH 3T3成纤维细胞胞浆提取物含有CaMK II酶活性和两种主要的Ca2+/CaM依赖性磷蛋白M（r）55000和115000。逆转录PCR表明CaMK II的γB和γC同工酶主要表达KN-93是一种新型的纯化神经元CaMK II的膜渗透性合成抑制剂，它以与抑制CaMK II活性相当的剂量依赖方式抑制血清诱导的成纤维细胞生长。KN-93治疗2天后，95%的细胞被阻滞在G1期。G1期阻滞是可逆的；KN-93释放后1天，细胞峰值已进展为S和G2-M。KN-92是一种类似但无活性的化合物，对CaMK II活性或细胞生长没有影响。KN-93还阻断了碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子BB、表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-1刺激的细胞生长。KN-93诱导G1期阻滞3天后，细胞大小和存活率降低，DNA断裂，表明细胞凋亡。这些数据表明，CaMK II对于细胞周期在G1期的进展是必要的，并且在来自生长和/或存活因子的信号转导的共同位点上起作用[1]

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一种新型的Ca2+/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶II（CaM激酶II）抑制剂KN-93能有效抑制壁细胞的胃酸分泌。如前所述（1），用钙调素激酶II选择性抑制剂KN-62治疗壁细胞可抑制胆碱能刺激的兔壁细胞分泌，但不能抑制组胺和毛喉素反应。相比之下，卡巴胆碱、组胺和毛喉素的作用被KN-93显著抑制，IC50分别为0.15、0.3和1微M；这些效应在细胞内环AMP和Ca2+水平没有任何变化的情况下发生。在本研究中，我们研究了KN-93作用于胃壁细胞酸分泌机制的机制。KN-93对质子泵活性的重新分布和形态转变都没有影响。该药物仅弱抑制H+，K（+）-ATP酶活性，但强烈消散胃膜囊泡中形成的质子梯度，减少管腔体积。因此，KN-93在pH梯度形成时起作用，而KN-62仅在CaM激酶II上起作用[2]。

KN-93（1 mg/kg/天，腹膜内注射）可降低糖尿病视网膜中 CaMKII 和 NF-κB 的磷酸化，并抑制糖尿病引起的视网膜血管渗漏[4]。

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多功能钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶II（CaM激酶）介导钙诱导的L型钙电流（ICa）增加；因此，它可能在ICa引起的早期后去极化（EADs）期间充当致心律失常信号分子。为了研究钙调素激酶激活对ICa依赖性EADs有利的假设，在离体兔心脏中用clofilium诱导EADs。所有EAD均迅速用ICa拮抗剂终止。在接触氯菲林之前，用钙调素激酶抑制剂KN-93或非活性类似物KN-92（0.5微M）预处理心脏10分钟。与KN-92（EAD存在于10/11颗心脏中）相比，KN-93（EAD在4/10颗心脏中存在）显著抑制了EAD（P=0.024）。在KN-93或KN-92治疗的心脏中，单相动作电位持续时间或心率等有利于EAD的参数没有显著差异。与无EAD的心脏相比，EAD心脏的CaM激酶原位活性增加了37%（P=0.015）。用KN-93预处理可以防止钙调素激酶活性的增加。在体外，KN-93有效地抑制了兔心肌CaM激酶活性（计算Ki100微M）。KN-93和KN-92对ICa和其他复极K+电流的作用并不能解释KN-93对EAD的优先抑制。这些数据显示了钙调素激酶活化与EAD之间的新关联，并与ICa和钙调素酶活化都有助于该模型中EAD的假设一致。[3]

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姜黄素和KN-93抑制糖尿病引起的视网膜血管渗漏[4]
伊文思蓝用于视网膜平板支架，以评估姜黄素对视网膜血管渗漏的影响。在对照视网膜中，伊文思蓝荧光位于血管内（图2A）。在STZ治疗的大鼠中，观察到染料从毛细血管和较大血管的局灶性泄漏（图2B，箭头），这与其他报告一致。在服用姜黄素（图2C）或KN93（图2D）的STZ治疗大鼠中没有发现这种泄漏。测量视网膜中的伊文思蓝以评估BRB通透性（图2E）。与对照组动物（0.82±0.11μg Evans蓝/g湿重视网膜）相比，STZ治疗的糖尿病大鼠视网膜中的Evans蓝水平升高（2.89±0.47μg Evans-blue/g湿重视网膜。与全量成像显示的血管渗漏减少一致，在服用姜黄素（1.24±0.21μg）或KN93（1.37±0.35μg）的STZ治疗大鼠中，这种升高显著降低。

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姜黄素和KN-93可降低糖尿病视网膜中VEGF、iNOS和ICAM-1的表达[4]
血管渗漏和白细胞粘附到视网膜血管是由促炎细胞因子介导的。因此，我们测定了姜黄素对VEGF、iNOS和ICAM-1表达水平的影响。与非糖尿病对照组相比，STZ治疗的糖尿病大鼠视网膜中的mRNA（图3A）和蛋白质（图3B，C）测量值显著升高。姜黄素或KN93的给药显著降低了这些增加。

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姜黄素和KN-93抑制糖尿病视网膜中CaMKII和NF-κB的磷酸化[4]
NF-κB p65亚基的磷酸化在调节许多基因的表达中起着重要作用，包括编码促炎细胞因子和粘附分子的基因。此外，CaMKII的磷酸化是糖尿病小鼠视网膜血管损伤发展的关键因素。为了评估姜黄素在调节CaMKII和NF-κB p65磷酸化中的作用，我们通过蛋白质印迹检测了视网膜。如图5所示，与对照组相比，STZ治疗的糖尿病大鼠视网膜中磷酸化CaMKII（Thr286）和NF-kB p65（Ser536）的水平显著升高。在给予姜黄素（100mg/kg/天）或KN93（1mg/kg/天）的STZ治疗的糖尿病大鼠中，这种升高是正常的。

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2μg和5μgKN-93治疗均降低了左旋多巴引发PD大鼠的AIMs评分，但不影响左旋多巴的抗帕金森病作用。与行为分析一致，KN-93治疗（2μg）降低了PD大鼠的pGluR1S845水平。此外，KN-93治疗（2μg）降低了PD大鼠Gad1和Nur77的表达。 结论：这些数据表明，纹状体内注射KN-93有利于通过抑制PD大鼠CaMKII的激活来降低pGluR1S845的表达，从而降低LID的表达。pGluR1S845表达的降低进一步降低了PD大鼠Gad1和Nur77的表达[5]。

对于原代培养研究，如前所述，获得并鉴定了大鼠视网膜Müller细胞。简而言之，在出生后（PN）第5天至PN7天处死Sprague-Dawley大鼠，在无菌条件下清洗摘除的眼睛，丢弃前部。分离视网膜，切成1×1mm的碎片，在37°C下用0.1%胰蛋白酶处理20分钟，然后穿过网片去除任何大的视网膜碎片。将过滤的分离物以800rpm离心5分钟，并去除上清液。将沉淀的细胞重新悬浮并接种到含有添加了2 mmol/L谷氨酰胺、0.1%青霉素/链霉素和10%胎牛血清的Dulbecco改良Eagle培养基（DMEM）的塑料培养瓶中。培养物在37°C的5%二氧化碳中保持。每3-4天常规更换一次培养基。通过免疫细胞化学染色判断，Müller细胞通过谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和波形蛋白的表达进行鉴定。细胞核用DAPI（4'，6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚）染色。所有实验均使用80%-85%的融合细胞进行。每次实验前，将平板细胞与无血清DMEM培养基一起孵育1小时。之后，用无血清DMIM代替培养基，在有或没有10μmol/LKN-93、100μmol/L PDTC（吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯，一种NF-kB抑制剂）或指定浓度的姜黄素的情况下，用正常D-葡萄糖（5.5 mmol/L）或高葡萄糖（HG；30 mmol/L葡萄糖）处理细胞。[4]

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细胞存活率评估：通过3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑（MTT）法评估细胞存活率。简而言之，将Müller细胞以每孔10×104个细胞的密度接种在96孔板上，并培养至亚融合。接下来，细胞用姜黄素处理24小时，然后在37°C、5%CO2气氛中用MTT（5 mg/mL）孵育4小时。然后去除培养基，将反应中形成的甲赞溶解在150μL DMSO（二甲基亚砜）中。使用多功能微孔板读数器在490nm处测量溶液的光密度。每个孔中的细胞存活率以对照组（载体处理组）的百分比表示。

Rat model of diabetic retinopathy and drug treatment [4]
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks of age) weighing 180-200 g were used in this study. Rats were housed in ventilated microisolator cages with free access to water and food. The rats were randomly assigned to receive either 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally or citrate buffer alone. Rats were categorized as diabetic when blood glucose levels exceeded 16.7 mmol/L at 48 h after STZ treatment. Two weeks after the induction of diabetes, rats were divided randomly into three subgroups: STZ-diabetic rats (n=12), STZ-treated diabetic rats administered curcumin (n=12), or STZ-diabetic rats administered KN-93 (n=12) for a 12-week period. Curcumin was suspended in saline containing 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose at a concentration of 20 mg/ml and administered via oral gavage at a total dose of 100 mg/kg/day. KN-93 was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 1 mg/kg/day. Control STZ-treated diabetic rats and non-diabetic controls (n=12) were gavage administered saline containing 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose on a daily basis. Body weights and blood glucose levels were measured every 2 weeks. At the completion of the administration protocol, animals were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital and subsequently sacrificed. The eyes were then enucleated for investigation.

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Experimental design [5]
As shown in Figure 1, 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA) injections were used to produce a rat model of PD. After 3 weeks of injections, rats showing stable apomorphine-induced rotations (>7 turns/minutes) were selected as valid PD rats. Forty valid PD rats were treated with levodopa plus benserazide twice daily for 21 days. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scores were measured on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 of treatment. In addition, one group of PD rats (PD group, n = 10) and another group of sham-operated rats (sham group, n = 10) were treated with vehicle twice daily for 21 days. On day 22, 40 levodopa-treated PD rats were randomly divided into four groups: levodopa + KN-93 (1 μg) group, levodopa + KN-93 (2 μg) group, levodopa + KN-93 (5 μg) group, and levodopa + vehicle group. These rats were intrastriatally treated with different doses of KN-93 (1 μg, 2 μg, or 5 μg) or vehicle before levodopa treatment, respectively. As a control, the sham group and PD group rats received intrastriatal administration of vehicle before vehicle treatment. Apomorphine-induced rotations were measured to observe the antiparkinsonian effect of KN-93 on day 1 and day 22. AIMs scores were measured to observe the antidyskinetic effect of KN-93 in rats on days of 1, 7, 14, 21, and 22. By the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by deep anesthesia using 3% phenobarbital. Western blot was used to determine levels of GluR1 and pGluR1S845 in rats. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure levels of Gad1 and Nurr77 in rats.

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Treatment [5]
Forty PD rats were treated with levodopa (25 mg/kg plus benserazide 12.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously), twice daily for 21 days. On day 22, 40 PD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) and intrastriatally administrated with KN-93 (1 μg, 2 μg, or 5 μg) or same volume of vehicle before levodopa administration. As controls, 10 sham-lesioned rats and 10 PD rats were treated with vehicle twice daily for 21 days. On day 22, these vehicle-treated rats were intrastriatally administrated with vehicle before vehicle treatment.

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Dissolved in 4 μL of 0.9% physiological saline containing 0.02% ascorbic acid; 5 μg; Intrastriatal administration

Sprague Dawley female rats

[1]. G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis are induced in NIH 3T3 cells by KN-93, an inhibitor of CaMK (the multifunctional Ca2+/CaM kinase). Cell Growth Differ. 1995 Sep;6(9):1063-70.

[2]. Inhibition of acid secretion in gastric parietal cells by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitorKN-93. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 15;195(2):608-15.

[3]. KN-93, an inhibitor of multifunctional Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, decreases early afterdepolarizations in rabbit heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Dec;287(3):996-1006.

[4]. Curcumin Attenuates Retinal Vascular Leakage by Inhibiting Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;39(3):1196-208.

[5]. Intrastriatal injections of KN-93 ameliorates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013:9:1213-20.

KN-93 is a sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. It has a role as an EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor and a geroprotector. It is a sulfonamide, a tertiary amino compound, a primary alcohol, a member of monochlorobenzenes and a monomethoxybenzene.

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Background: Levodopa remains the most effective drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term levodopa treatment is associated with the emergence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), which has hampered its use for PD treatment. The mechanisms of LID are only partially understood. A previous study showed that KN-93, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor, could be used to ameliorate LID in rats. However, the precise mechanisms by which KN-93 acts as an antidyskinetic are not fully understood.
Methods: In the present study, a rat model of PD was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA) injections. Then, the successfully lesioned rats were intrastriatally administered with a different dose of KN-93 (1 μg, 2 μg, or 5 μg) prior to levodopa treatment. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scores and apomorphine-induced rotations were measured in PD rats. Phosphorylated levels of GluR1 at Serine-845 (pGluR1S845) levels were determined by western blot. Arc and Penk levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: We found that both 2 μg and 5 μg KN-93 treatment lowered AIMs scores in levodopa priming PD rats without affecting the antiparkinsonian effect of levodopa. In agreement with behavioral analysis, KN-93 treatment (2 μg) reduced pGluR1S845 levels in PD rats. Moreover, KN-93 treatment (2 μg) reduced the expression of Gad1 and Nur77 in PD rats.
Conclusion: These data indicated that intrastriatal injections of KN-93 were beneficial in reducing the expression of LID by lowering the expression of pGluR1S845 via suppressing the activation of CaMKII in PD rats. Decreased expression of pGluR1S845 further reduced the expression of Gad1 and Nur77 in PD rats.[5]
Taken together, we found that intrastriatal administration of KN-93 (2 μg or 5 μg) reduced the expression of LID in levodopa primed PD rats. In addition, KN-93 treatment reduced pGluR1S845 levels and the expression of Gad1 and Nur77. We assume that KN-93 can ameliorate LID expression by reducing the expression of Gad1 and Nur77 which subsequently lowers the levels of pGluR1S845 in PD rats.[5]

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ackground: Curcumin possesses many pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory effects. Although prior studies indicate that curcumin has beneficial effects for diabetic retinopathy, the mechanism of action is not known. To address this issue, we investigated the effect of curcumin against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage and its mechanism of action by using cultured retinal Müller cells stimulated with high glucose.
Methods: We studied the effects of curcumin in vivo in the retinas of rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin and in vitro in Müller cells stimulated with high glucose. We administered curcumin, or KN93, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), or saline vehicle to experimental animals on a daily basis for 12 weeks. Primary cultures of rat Müller cells were incubated with normal glucose or high glucose, with or without curcumin, KN93, or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of the transcription protein nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). We examined mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Retinal levels of CaMKII and NF-κB were examined by Western blotting. Vascular leakage was evaluated using Evans blue.
Results: Curcumin and KN93 significantly inhibited the activation of CaMKII/NF-κB signaling induced by diabetes or elevated glucose, and subsequently decreased the expression of VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1. These changes were associated with a decrease of diabetes-induced retinal vascular leakage.
Conclusion: Curcumin protects the diabetic rat retina against early retinal vascular damage, by inhibition of CaMKII activity. Curcumin is currently used to treat a number of clinical conditions, and may prove beneficial for the management of diabetic retinopathy.[4]

C26H32CLN2O8PS

599.032646179199

598.13

C, 52.13; H, 5.38; Cl, 5.92; N, 4.68; O, 21.37; P, 5.17; S, 5.35

1913269-12-1

KN-93;139298-40-1;KN-93 hydrochloride;1956426-56-4

16760530

White to off-white solid powder

156

4

10

11

39

763

0

OP(O)(O)=O.O=S(C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1)(N(C2=CC=CC=C2CN(C/C=C/C3=CC=C(Cl)C=C3)C)CCO)=O

NNKJTPOXLIILMB-IPZCTEOASA-N

InChI=1S/C26H29ClN2O4S.H3O4P/c1-28(17-5-6-21-9-11-23(27)12-10-21)20-22-7-3-4-8-26(22)29(18-19-30)34(31,32)25-15-13-24(33-2)14-16-25;1-5(2,3)4/h3-16,30H,17-20H2,1-2H3;(H3,1,2,3,4)/b6-5+;

N-[2-[[[(E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-enyl]-methylamino]methyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide;phosphoric acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: 100 mg/mL (166.94 mM)
H2O: 50 mg/mL (83.47 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 10 mg/mL (16.69 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 100.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 10 mg/mL (16.69 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 100.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 10 mg/mL (16.69 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 100.0 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。