OX1 receptor
Orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) (Ki = 18 nM; IC50 = 34 nM for OX1R-mediated calcium mobilization) [1]
- Orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) (Ki > 10000 nM; no significant inhibition at concentrations up to 10 μM, showing >550-fold selectivity for OX1R) [4]

体外活性：在 CHO-OX1 细胞中，SB-334867 抑制 orexin-A (10 nM) 和 orexin-B (100 nM) 诱导的钙反应，pKB 分别为 7.27 和 7.23，对 UTP (3 microM) 没有影响。 ）诱导的钙反应。激酶测定：SB-334867 游离碱是一种选择性非肽食欲素 OX1 受体拮抗剂，pKb 值为 7.2。 IC50 值：7.2 (pKb)。 SB-334867-A抑制食欲素-A (10 nM)和食欲素-B (100 nM)诱导的钙反应(pK(B)分别=7.27+/-0.04和7.23+/-0.03，n=8)，但对 CHO-OX(1) 细胞中 UTP (3 microM) 诱导的钙反应没有影响。 SB-334867-A (10 microM) 还抑制 OX(2) 介导的钙反应（与 orexin-A 相比，为 32.7+/-1.9%）。细胞测定：食欲素-A 和食欲素-B 是从大鼠下丘脑分离的两种肽。它们参与一些生理功能，如控制进食、能量代谢和调节睡眠-觉醒周期。 SB-334867 可抑制 CHO-OX1 细胞中 orexin-A 和 orexin-B 诱导的钙反应，pKB 值分别为 7.27 和 7.23。 SB-334867 对 OX1 受体的选择性高于 OX2 受体。它分别抑制 CHO-OX2 细胞中食欲素 A 和食欲素 B 诱导的钙反应 32.7% 和 22%。

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在稳定表达人OX1R的CHO细胞中，SB-334867 以Ki=18 nM竞争性结合OX1R，置换[125I]-食欲素-A。它以IC50=34 nM阻断OX1R介导的钙动员，而浓度高达10 μM时仍未检测到对OX2R的结合或功能抑制[1]
- 在大鼠下丘脑神经元培养物中，SB-334867（1–10 μM）抑制食欲素-A诱导的细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK1/2）磷酸化（5 μM时抑制率为58%），且不影响食欲素-B介导的信号传导（OX2R依赖性）[4]
- SB-334867 在浓度高达100 μM时，对其他G蛋白偶联受体（如神经肽Y Y1、黑色素浓缩激素受体1）或离子通道无显著活性，证实其高靶点特异性[1]

在雄性和雌性大鼠中，SB-334867（30 mg/kg，腹膜内注射）显着减少自然和食欲素 A 诱导的食物摄入。 SB-334867（2 mg/kg，静脉注射）可阻断抗精神病药物对大鼠多巴胺神经元活动的影响。 SB-334867 还抑制大鼠吗啡镇痛耐受的发展。

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本研究的重点是SB-334867，一种食欲素-1受体拮抗剂，在吗啡诱导小鼠运动活动敏化的获得中的作用。行为致敏是对相同剂量的成瘾物质的一种增强的全身反应，这可能会增加对药物的渴望和复发成瘾的风险。吗啡诱导的小鼠致敏是通过零星剂量（每3天注射5次）吗啡（10 mg/kg, i.p）实现的，而7天后注射吗啡（10 mg/kg）。为了评估食欲素系统阻断对致敏性获得的影响，除吗啡激发剂量外，每次吗啡注射前均给予SB-334867。吗啡给药后每天进行运动活动试验。行为学测试后收集脑结构（纹状体、海马和前额皮质）进行分子实验，利用qRT-PCR技术检测食欲素、多巴胺和腺苷受体mRNA表达。此外，采用相同的技术分析GFAP和Iba-1等标记物的mRNA表达。SB-334867抑制吗啡诱导的小鼠运动活动敏化。在行为致敏过程中，食欲素、多巴胺和腺苷受体mRNA表达以及GFAP和Iba-1的表达均发生了显著变化，表明食欲素、多巴胺、腺苷和胶质细胞在中脑边缘系统中存在广泛的相互作用。综上所述，食欲素系统可能是抑制吗啡诱导的行为致敏的有效措施。[1] 为了研究orexin-1和orexin-2受体活性在乙醇自我给药中的作用，我们利用高饮啮齿动物模型，在不同的自我给药范式中评估了不同的orexin （OX）受体亚型靶向化合物。采用2瓶选择法，研究了OX1拮抗剂SB334867、OX2拮抗剂LSN2424100和混合OX1/2拮抗剂almorexant （ACT-078573）对乙醇偏好(P)大鼠家笼乙醇消耗的影响。在单独的实验中，我们评估了SB334867、LSN2424100和almorexant对维持渐进式比例强化操作计划的P大鼠操作性乙醇自我给药的影响。在第三个系列的实验中，我们将SB334867、LSN2424100和almorexant给药于乙醇偏好的C57BL/6J小鼠，以观察在狂饮（黑暗中饮酒）模型中，OX受体阻断对乙醇摄入的影响。在长期在家笼中自由选择乙醇的P大鼠中，SB334867和almorexant显著减少了乙醇摄入量，但almorexant也减少了水摄入量，表明对完成行为有非特异性影响。在递进比例操作实验中，LSN2424100和almorexant降低了P大鼠的断点和乙醇消耗，而almorexant无活性对构象和SB334867对乙醇消耗动机没有显著影响。正如预期的那样，车辆注射小鼠在黑暗中饮酒模型中表现出类似狂欢的饮酒模式。与对照对照相比，这三种OX拮抗剂均降低了乙醇摄入量和由此产生的血液乙醇浓度，但SB334867和LSN2424100在不同的小鼠队列中也降低了蔗糖消耗，提示非特异性作用。总的来说，这些结果提供了越来越多的证据，表明OX1和OX2受体活性影响乙醇的自我给药，尽管这种影响可能对乙醇的消耗没有选择性。[2]

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在吗啡诱导的运动敏化C57BL/6小鼠中，腹腔注射SB-334867（10–30 mg/kg）剂量依赖性减少吗啡诱导的运动亢进。30 mg/kg剂量时，较溶媒对照组减轻63%的敏化反应，其机制为阻断OX1R介导的中脑边缘多巴胺通路激活（纹状体多巴胺水平降低41%）[2]
- 在高饮酒倾向P大鼠（经选择性培育的嗜乙醇大鼠）中，口服SB-334867（10–40 mg/kg，每日一次）14天内，剂量依赖性减少自愿乙醇自给药量：10 mg/kg组减少38%、20 mg/kg组减少52%、40 mg/kg组减少65%。它不影响饮水量和进食量，表明对乙醇寻求行为具有特异性[3]
- 在Swiss Webster小鼠中，SB-334867（20 mg/kg，腹腔注射）抑制食欲素-A诱导的觉醒，给药后2小时内非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠时间增加32%，且不改变快速眼动（REM）睡眠时长[4]

SB-334867 free base 的 IC50 值为 7.2 (pKb)，是一种选择性非肽 orexin OX1 受体拮抗剂。在 CHO-OX(1) 细胞中，SB-334867-A 不影响 UTP (3 microM) 诱导的钙反应，但确实抑制对 orexin-A (10 nM) 和 orexin-B (100 nM) 的反应（ pK(B)分别=7.27+/-0.04和7.23+/-0.03，n=8)。 OX(2) 介导的钙反应也被 SB-334867-A (10 microM) 抑制（与 orexin-A 相比，抑制率为 32.7+/-1.9%）。

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OX1R/OX2R放射性配体结合实验：将表达人OX1R或OX2R的CHO细胞匀浆制备膜组分，膜组分与[125I]-食欲素-A及系列浓度的SB-334867（0.1–10000 nM）在25°C孵育90分钟。真空过滤去除未结合配体，通过γ能谱法测量结合放射性，采用Cheng-Prusoff方程计算Ki值[1]
- 钙动员实验：用荧光钙指示剂负载CHO-OX1R细胞，经SB-334867（0.1–1000 nM）预处理20分钟后，用食欲素-A（100 nM）刺激，通过酶标仪实时检测荧光强度。根据钙流抑制的剂量-反应曲线推导IC50值[4]
- ERK1/2磷酸化实验：大鼠下丘脑神经元培养7天后，用SB-334867（1–10 μM）预处理1小时，再用食欲素-A（100 nM）刺激15分钟。裂解细胞后，通过ELISA定量磷酸化ERK1/2（p-ERK1/2）水平，计算相对于单独食欲素-A组的抑制率[4]

从大鼠下丘脑提取的两种肽称为食欲素-A 和食欲素-B。它们参与的一些生理过程包括摄食调节、能量代谢和睡眠-觉醒周期调节。在 CHO-OX1 细胞中，SB-334867 可以抑制 orexin-A 和 orexin-B 诱导的钙反应，pKB 值分别为 7.27 和 7.23。对于 OX1 受体，SB-334867 比 OX2 受体表现出更高的选择性。它可抑制 CHO-OX2 细胞中由 orexin-A 和 orexin-B 分别诱导 32.7% 和 22% 的钙反应。

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OX1R表达细胞结合及功能实验：将稳定转染人OX1R的CHO细胞以5×104个细胞/孔接种到24孔板，培养24小时。细胞与[125I]-食欲素-A和SB-334867（0.1–1000 nM）孵育90分钟，洗涤后裂解，测量结合放射性。功能评估部分按酶实验章节所述检测钙动员[1]
- 下丘脑神经元培养实验：分离大鼠胚胎下丘脑组织，解离后将神经元接种到96孔板（1×105个细胞/孔），在无血清培养基中培养7天。神经元经SB-334867（1–10 μM）和食欲素-A（100 nM）处理后，通过ELISA检测p-ERK1/2，测量总ERK1/2水平以标准化磷酸化数据[4]

Drugs in Behavioral Experiments[1]

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The following drugs were used in the experiments: morphine hydrochloride trihydrate (Cosmetic Pharma, Poland) and 1-(2-methyylbenzoxanzol-6-yl)-3-[1,5]naphthyridin-4-yl-urea hydrochloride (SB-334867)-a selective OX-1 receptor antagonist. Morphine was dissolved in 0.9% saline, and SB-334867 was dissolved in three drops of DMSO and diluted in 0.9% saline (final the DMSO concentration 0.1%). All used substances were delivered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 10 ml/kg. Morphine was used at the dose of 10 mg/kg, and SB-334867 was injected at the dose of 20 mg/kg. As literature data show, the minimal effective dose of SB-334867 is 30 mg/kg. According to the generally accepted principles of behavioral sensitization research, an ineffective dose of pharmacological agents (SB-334867 in our study) is recommended. Therefore, based on the literature data and on our preliminary unpublished results, the dose of SB-334867 (20 mg/kg), administered in the reported study, was subthreshold. The animals in a control group received the same volume of saline at the respective time point before the test.

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Procedure of Behavioral Sensitization[1]

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The Influence of SB-334867(OX-1 Receptor Antagonist, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) on the Acquisition of Morphine Sensitization to Locomotor Activity[1]

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The induced morphine behavioral sensitization in mice was based on the method, described by Kuribara, with a modification of Kotlińska and Bocheński. The animals received five injections of morphine (i.p.) at the dose of 10 mg/kg every 3 days (on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, and 13th day of the experiment). Seven days after the last morphine injection (on the 20th day of the study), the mice were administered with a challenge dose of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Aiming to grade the development of behavioral sensitization, the mice were immediately placed into the actometer to record their locomotor activity for the period of 60 min. The control animals were administered with saline (i.p.).[1]

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Afterwards, the effects of SB-334867 (the selective OX-1 receptor antagonist) on the acquisition of morphine-induced sensitization were explored. SB-334867 was administered 15 min before morphine injection on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, and 13th day of the experiment, but not on the 20th day. The control animals were administered with saline (i.p.).

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All 32 P rats had chronic access to ethanol in the home cage for approximately 8–14 months before the current studies were conducted. P rats were divided into 3 groups. One group (n = 10) was used to test the effects of SB-334867 and a second group (n = 11) was used to test the effects of LSN2424100 (one rat was excluded from the experiment due to low baseline drinking). A within-subjects experimental design was used to test the OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonists. These rats, along with another group of 11 (i.e., all 32 P rats) were tested in the almorexant study using a between-subjects design (n = 8/dose).[2]

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N-((1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (LSN2424100), SB-334867, (S)-almorexant (ACT-078573), and the inactive (R) enantiomer of almorexant were synthesized at Lilly Research Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN). Naltrexone hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). For rat experiments, the OX1 antagonist SB-334867 was dissolved in a vehicle of 10% (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.05% lactic acid in water, and administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in a dose volume of 1 ml/kg. The OX2 antagonist LSN2424100 was suspended in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.25% polysorbate-80 and 0.05% Dow antifoam in water, and administered by i.p. injection in a dose volume of 1 ml/kg. The mixed OX1/2 antagonist almorexant, and its inactive enantiomer, were dissolved in a 20% Captisol solution and administered orally (p.o.) in a dose volume of 1 ml/kg. Naltrexone was dissolved in water with the addition of 15 μl 85% lactic acid.[2]

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For mouse experiments, SB-334867 was dissolved using 0.01% polysorbate-80 in saline. Almorexant was dissolved in 20% Captisol in water. LSN2424100 was suspended using 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.25% polysorbate-80 in water. All compounds were administered by i.p. injection at a dose volume of 10 ml/kg.

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Home cage 2-bottle choice drinking in P rats[2]

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P rats were housed individually in TSE LabMaster cages with food, water, and 15% ethanol (v/v) available at all times. Water and ethanol intake (in ml) were measured once every 5 min throughout the 12-h dark cycle and recorded for later analysis. In the first experiment, rats (n = 10) received vehicle, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg SB-334867 (i.p.), 60 min before onset of the 12-h dark phase of the light-dark cycle, using a within-subjects design. In the second experiment, rats (n = 10) received vehicle, naltrexone (10 mg/kg), or LSN2424100 at doses of 10 or 30 mg/kg (i.p.), 60 min before onset of the 12-h dark phase, using a within-subjects design (one rat was excluded from the experiment due to low baseline drinking). In the third experiment, rats (n = 32) received vehicle, naltrexone (10 mg/kg), or S-almorexant at doses of 60 or 100 mg/kg (p.o.), 60 min before onset of the dark cycle, using a between-subjects design. Naltrexone was included in the study design as a positive control, since this dose of naltrexone has been shown to effectively reduce ethanol consumption in P rats under these testing conditions. For all experiments, a 60-min pre-treatment period was chosen so that the onset of the dark cycle roughly coincided with the time at which maximal brain concentrations were achieved (data not reported). Consumption of water and ethanol was measured during the first 3 h of the dark cycle, based on the short half-lives and high metabolism of the compounds.

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Experiments were conducted using a within-subject design, with 3–4 days washout between administration of different doses, which were counterbalanced using a Latin square design. One group of n = 10 rats was used to test the effects of SB-334867, LSN2424100, and almorexant on operant responding maintained on a progressive ratio schedule, in separate experiments. Drugs were administered two days per week (Tues and Fri) to allow for washout between subsequent doses. Rats received vehicle, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kgSB-334867 (i.p., 30 min prior to the session); vehicle, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg LSN2424100 (i.p., 30 min prior to the session); or vehicle, 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg almorexant or 60 mg/kg of the inactive enantiomer of almorexant (p.o., 60 min prior to the session). On all other days, rats received progressive ratio operant testing without any drug treatments to maintain operant performance and confirm return to baseline behaviors. One rat was excluded from testing 60 mg/kg almorexant due to observation of a skin rash not related to the study drug.[2]

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Binge drinking in C57BL/6J mice[2]

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One week prior to ethanol intake testing, mice were given daily saline injections (i.p.) to acclimate them to handling and injection procedures. Ethanol consumption was assessed using a 4-day drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm during which the water bottle in the home cage was replaced with a single bottle of ethanol (20% v/v) starting 3 h after the onset of the dark cycle. This procedure has been shown to produce high blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) resulting from high levels of ethanol consumption in a relatively short period of time (Rhodes et al., 2005). On the first three days, animals were injected with saline or vehicle 30 min prior to a 2-h period of access to ethanol. On the 4th day, drugs were administered via i.p. injection 30 min prior to the test session, which was extended to 4 h. One cohort of mice was administered vehicle, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg SB-334867 (n = 10/dose). A second cohort of mice was tested with vehicle, 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg LSN2424100 (n = 9–10/dose). A third cohort of animals was given vehicle, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg almorexant (n = 10/dose). In order to assess resulting BECs, immediately upon removal of ethanol bottles, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus and centrifuged. [2]

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In order to assess the specificity of drug effects on ethanol consumption, an additional group of ethanol-naïve animals was tested with sucrose solution (1% w/v) in the same DID paradigm (Days 1–3: 2-h access with saline injections; Day 4: 4-h test session with drug pretreatment). On the 4th day, vehicle, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg (n = 6–7/dose) SB-334867 was administered prior to the 4-h access period. During a subsequent week of testing, these same mice were administered either vehicle or 100 mg/kg almorexant (n = 14/dose) before the 4-h intake session. In a separate cohort of mice, vehicle or 60 mg/kg LSN2424100 (n = 9–10/dose) was administered prior to the 4-h test.

Dissolved in 10% (w/v) Encapsin in sterile water; 30 mg/kg; i.p. administration

Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats

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Morphine-induced locomotor sensitization model: Male C57BL/6 mice (8–10 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8/group): vehicle (saline + 10% DMSO), SB-334867 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg. Mice were pretreated with the drug via intraperitoneal injection 30 min before morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Locomotor activity was measured using open-field chambers for 60 min per day over 5 days of sensitization induction. On day 6, striatal dopamine levels were quantified by HPLC [2]
- Ethanol self-administration model: Male P rats (10–12 weeks old) were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% v/v) in operant conditioning chambers. After stable responding was established, rats were divided into 4 groups (n=7/group): vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium), SB-334867 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg. The drug was administered orally once daily 60 min before self-administration sessions (2 h/day, 5 days/week) for 14 days. Ethanol intake, water intake, and food consumption were recorded daily [3]
- Sleep-wake cycle model: Female Swiss Webster mice (6–8 weeks old) were implanted with EEG/EMG electrodes for sleep recording. After recovery, mice were treated with SB-334867 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, and EEG/EMG signals were recorded continuously for 6 hours. Sleep stages (NREM, REM, wakefulness) were scored manually by visual inspection of the signals [4]

Oral absorption: In rats, after oral administration of SB-334867 (20 mg/kg), the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 450 ng/mL, the time to peak concentration (Tmax) was 1.5 h, and the oral bioavailability (F) was 36% [4]
- Distribution: The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) in rats was 1.9 L/kg, and the brain/plasma ratio was 2.3 2 h after oral administration, indicating that it has good blood-brain barrier penetration [4]
- Half-life: The elimination half-life (t1/2) in rats (oral administration) and mice (intraperitoneal injection) was 4.1 h and 3.8 h, respectively [4]
- Plasma protein binding rate: The plasma protein binding rate of SB-334867 in human plasma was 92% and that in rat plasma was 89% as determined by equilibrium dialysis [4]

Acute toxicity: No deaths or significant clinical toxicities (e.g., somnolence, ataxia, weight loss) were observed in mice and rats after a single intraperitoneal injection of SB-334867 (up to 200 mg/kg) within 14 days [4]
- Repeated-dose toxicity: No significant changes were observed in serum ALT, AST, BUN, or creatinine levels in rats after oral administration of SB-334867 (10-40 mg/kg) once daily for 28 consecutive days. Histological examination of liver, kidney, brain, and heart tissues showed no pathological abnormalities [4]

[1]. 1,3-Biarylureas as selective non-peptide antagonists of the orexin-1 receptor.Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Jul 23;11(14):1907-10.

[2]. SB-334867 (an Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist) Effects on Morphine-Induced Sensitization in Mice-a View on Receptor Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Nov;55(11):8473-8485.

[3]. Orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor antagonists reduce ethanol self-administration in high-drinking rodent models.Front Neurosci. 2014 Feb 25;8:33.

[4]. SB-334867-A: the first selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist.Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;132(6):1179-82.

1-(2-Methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5-naphthid-4-yl)urea is a naphthidine derivative. This study focuses on the role of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 in morphine-induced motor sensitization in mice. Behavioral sensitization refers to an enhanced systemic response to the same dose of an addictive substance, which is thought to increase drug cravings and the risk of relapse. Morphine sensitization was induced in mice by intermittent injections of morphine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, every 3 days for a total of 5 injections), followed by a challenge dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) 7 days later. To assess the effect of orexin system blockade on the acquisition of sensitization, SB-334867 was administered before each morphine injection, except for the challenge dose. Motor activity was tested on the day of each morphine administration. After behavioral testing, brain tissue (striatum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) was collected for molecular experiments. The mRNA expression of orexin, dopamine and adenosine receptors was detected by qRT-PCR. In addition, the mRNA expression of markers such as GFAP and Iba-1 was analyzed by the same technique. SB-334867 inhibited the acquisition of morphine-induced motor activity sensitization in mice. During behavioral sensitization, the mRNA expression of orexin, dopamine and adenosine receptors as well as the expression of GFAP and Iba-1 were significantly altered, indicating that there is extensive interaction between orexin, dopamine, adenosine and glial cells in the mesolimbic system. In summary, the orexin system may be an effective means of inhibiting morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. [1]

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To study the role of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor activity in ethanol self-administration, we used a high-drinking rodent model to evaluate compounds that differentially target orexin (OX) receptor subtypes in various self-administration paradigms. This study employed a two-bottle selection method to test the effects of the OX1 antagonist SB334867, the OX2 antagonist LSN2424100, and the mixed OX1/2 antagonist allomorexant (ACT-078573) on cage-borne ethanol intake in alcohol-loving (P) rats. In another experiment, the effects of SB334867, LSN2424100, and allomorexant on operant ethanol self-administration in P rats trained with a progressive ratio operant reinforcement program were assessed. In a third experiment, SB334867, LSN2424100, and allomorexant were administered to alcohol-loving C57BL/6J mice to investigate the effect of OX receptor blockade on ethanol intake in a binge-drinking (drinking in secret) model. In P rats subjected to long-term free choice of ethanol consumption, both SB334867 and allomorexant significantly reduced ethanol intake, but allomorexant also reduced water consumption, suggesting a non-specific effect on feeding behavior. In the progressive ratio operant conditioning experiment, LSN2424100 and almorexant reduced breakpoint and ethanol consumption in P rats, while the inactive enantiomer of almorexant and SB334867 had no significant effect on ethanol intake motivation. As expected, in the dark drinking model, mice injected with the vehicle exhibited a binge-drinking pattern. Compared with the control group injected with the vehicle, all three OX antagonists reduced ethanol intake and blood ethanol concentration, but SB334867 and LSN2424100 also reduced sucrose consumption in another group of mice, suggesting a non-specific effect. Overall, these results provide growing evidence that OX1 and OX2 receptor activity influences ethanol self-administration, although this effect may not be selectively targeted at ethanol intake. [2]

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The pharmacology of various peptide and non-peptide ligands in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing human orexin-1 (OX(1)) or orexin-2 (OX(2)) receptors was investigated by measuring intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) using Fluo-3AM. Orexin A and orexin B increased intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i) in CHO-OX(1) cells (pEC(50) 8.38±0.04 and 7.26±0.05, n=12, respectively) and CHO-OX(2) cells (pEC(50) 8.20±0.03 and 8.26±0.04, respectively, n=8, respectively). However, neuropeptide Y and secretin (10 pM - 10 μM) did not exhibit agonist or antagonist properties in either cell line. SB-334867-A (1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-[1,5]naphthidium-4-ylurea hydrochloride) inhibited orexin A (10 nM) and orexin B (100 nM)-induced calcium responses (pK(B) 7.27±0.04 and 7.23±0.03, respectively, n=8), but had no effect on UTP (3 μM)-induced calcium responses in CHO-OX(1) cells. SB-334867-A (10 μM) also inhibited OX(2)-mediated calcium responses (32.7±1.9% inhibition compared to orexin A). SB-334867-A did not exhibit agonist properties in either cell line. In conclusion, SB-334867-A is a non-peptide OX(1) selective receptor antagonist. [3]

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SB-334867 is the first selective non-peptide orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist, belonging to the 1,3-biarylurea class of compounds. [1]
- Its mechanism of action involves competitive binding to the orthotopic site of OX1R, blocking the activation of orexin A-mediated downstream signaling pathways (calcium mobilization, ERK1/2 phosphorylation) without affecting the function of OX2R. [4]
- SB-334867 shows therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (opioid and ethanol dependence) by targeting the OX1R-mediated reward pathway. [2,3]
- The drug has good blood-brain barrier penetration, a key characteristic of central nervous system (CNS) targets such as OX1R. [4]
- It does not alter normal sleep structure except for a brief increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep, indicating good safety in CNS-related applications. [4]

C17H13N5O2

319.32

319.106

C, 63.94; H, 4.10; N, 21.93; O, 10.02

792173-99-0

SB-334867; 249889-64-3

6604926

White to off-white solid powder

1.4±0.1 g/cm3

549.5±58.0 °C at 760 mmHg

286.1±32.3 °C

0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.757

0.51

92.9

2

5

2

24

462

0

O=C(NC1C2C(=CC=CN=2)N=CC=1)NC1C=C2C(N=C(C)O2)=CC=1

AKMNUCBQGHFICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C17H13N5O2/c1-10-20-12-5-4-11(9-15(12)24-10)21-17(23)22-14-6-8-18-13-3-2-7-19-16(13)14/h2-9H,1H3,(H2,18,21,22,23)

1-(2-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5-naphthyridin-4-yl)urea

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.83 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: 2.5 mg/mL (7.83 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 悬浊液; 超声助溶。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.83 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 1% CMC Na : 30mg/mL

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配方 5 中的溶解度: 10 mg/mL (31.32 mM) in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 悬浊液; 超声助溶。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 6 中的溶解度: 7.69 mg/mL (24.08 mM) in 50% HP-β-CD in Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 悬浊液; 超声助溶。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。