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| 靶点 |
(+)-SJ733 is a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum ATPase 4 (PfATP4), a putative Na+-efflux ATPase. Whole-genome sequencing of resistant mutants identified point mutations in the pfatp4 gene as the sole determinant of resistance, and theoretical docking studies suggest a binding site within the transmembrane channel of PfATP4. The EC₅₀ for disrupting parasite Na+ homeostasis ([Na+]ᵢ) is ~200 nM. [1]
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| 体外研究 (In Vitro) |
在恶性疟原虫感染的红细胞中,(+)-SJ733 与单个受体位点结合,其亲和力相当于其生长抑制效力 (kd=50 nM)。在广泛的体外测定中,以及在任何临床前物种安全性或耐受性的任何测试剂量的单次或重复剂量研究中(在 7 天重复剂量研究中未观察到不良反应水平,最大耐受剂量 >240 mg/kg)在大鼠中),(+)-SJ733 在任何剂量下均未表现出显着的安全性。因此,预计 (+)-SJ733 的安全裕度至少为 43 倍 [1]。
(+)-SJ733 对所有测试的恶性疟原虫(P. falciparum)菌株均表现出高效力,EC₅₀值在10至60 nM之间,包括对其他抗疟药耐药的菌株。(+)-对映体显著比(-)-对映体更有效。[1] 用(+)-SJ733处理皂苷分离的恶性疟原虫滋养体,可在1.5小时内导致胞质Na+浓度从约6 mM的静息水平快速、剂量依赖性升高至约110 mM(EC₅₀ ~200 nM)。在耐药菌株(ATP4L350H)中,此效应大大减弱(敏感性降低约50倍)。[1] 在使用荧光素酶标记的恶性疟原虫(3D7菌株)的增殖实验中,(+)-SJ733能迅速抑制寄生虫生长,在24小时内达到最大效果。[1] 在克隆稀释杀灭实验中,需要在体外持续暴露于高于EC₉₉浓度的(+)-SJ733达96小时,才能最大程度地杀灭寄生虫。[1] 在流式细胞术(FACS)分析中,用(+)-SJ733(或另一种PfATP4抑制剂NITD246)处理恶性疟原虫感染的红细胞,会诱导类凋亡/衰老表型。其特征包括细胞皱缩、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)外化增加(EC₅₀ ~30 nM)以及向更球形形态转变。这些效应特异于感染的红细胞,在其他抗疟药类别(如青蒿琥酯)或未感染的红细胞中未观察到。[1] 用(+)-SJ733处理感染的红细胞会显著增加膜刚性,在处理后约7小时达到峰值。对未感染的红细胞无影响。[1] 延时显微镜显示,(+)-SJ733处理导致红细胞内寄生虫运动和发育立即停止,随后在某些情况下出现寄生虫肿胀、裂解以及随后的红细胞裂解。[1] 与恶性疟原虫相比,(+)-SJ733对啮齿类疟原虫物种(P. berghei, P. vinckei, P. chabaudi)离体血液阶段的效力大约低10倍。[1] |
| 体内研究 (In Vivo) |
对感染恶性疟原虫的 NOD-scid IL2Rγnull 小鼠施用 (+)-SJ733 后,寄生虫被迅速清除,在 48 小时内变得检测不到,并在前 24 小时内消除了 80%。在 NOD-scid IL2Rγnull 小鼠模型中, (+)-SJ733 在体内对恶性疟原虫 3D70087/N9 非常有效,每天口服 4 次,有效剂量为 90%(ED90 1.9 mg)。与青蒿琥酯(11.1 mg/kg;AUCED90 未测定)、氯喹(4.3 mg/kg;AUCED90 3.1 μM·h)和乙胺嘧啶(0.9 mg/kg;AUCED90 5. μM)相比⋅h) 同一型号中,(+)-SJ733 更优。用 ED90 剂量处理的 (+)-SJ733 的血液浓度在每次给药后 6 至 10 小时内保持在平均体外 EC90 以上 [1]。
在感染恶性疟原虫(3D70087/N9菌株)的NOD-scid IL2Rγnull(NSG)小鼠模型中,口服给予(+)-SJ733(连续四天每日给药)具有高效力,ED₉₀为1.9 mg/kg,相应的AUCED90为1.5 µM·h。在同一模型中,其效力优于青蒿琥酯(ED₉₀ 11.1 mg/kg)和氯喹(ED₉₀ 4.3 mg/kg)。寄生虫血症在24小时内减少80%,并在48小时内清除,其清除速度与青蒿琥酯相当。[1] 在小鼠伯氏疟原虫(P. berghei)感染模型中(连续四天口服外消旋体),ED₉₀为40 mg/kg(AUCED90 80 µM·h),这与其对啮齿类疟原虫较低的离体效力一致。[1] 体内快速的清除率与宿主脾脏是否存在或库普弗细胞是否被清除无关,表明其不完全依赖于这些免疫清除机制。[1] 当感染伯氏疟原虫的小鼠在蚊子吸血前1小时用(+)-SJ733处理时,它能有效阻断寄生虫从小鼠向蚊子的传播,ED₅₀为5 mg/kg。[1] |
| 细胞实验 |
对于Na+稳态测定,将皂苷分离的恶性疟原虫滋养体装载钠敏感染料SBFI。用(+)-SJ733或其他化合物处理寄生虫,并通过测量荧光来确定随时间变化的胞质Na+浓度,通常在加药后>60分钟测定。[1]
对于增殖/生长抑制实验(EC₅₀测定),在体外将恶性疟原虫菌株与人红细胞共培养,并用(+)-SJ733的系列稀释液处理。通过测量转基因寄生虫的荧光素酶活性或SYBR Green染色等方法评估寄生虫生长。[1] 对于细胞凋亡/衰老表型分析,用(+)-SJ733处理恶性疟原虫感染的红细胞,并通过多模式FACS进行分析。细胞用SYBR Green(标记感染细胞)和Annexin V(检测磷脂酰丝氨酸暴露)染色。测量前向散射(FSC)和侧向散射(SSC)以评估细胞大小和形状/复杂性。分析数据以表征指示细胞凋亡的细胞群变化。[1] 对于红细胞刚性测量,使用微流控生物力学测定。将红细胞(感染或未感染,处理或未处理)在流体压力下通过收缩通道,分析其变形能力以确定刚性。[1] 对于延时显微镜,用(+)-SJ733处理环状期恶性疟原虫感染的红细胞,并在18小时内通过相差显微镜定期成像,以观察寄生虫的运动、发育和形态变化。[1] |
| 动物实验 |
P. falciparum efficacy in NSG mice: NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice were engrafted with human erythrocytes and infected with P. falciparum (3D70087/N9 strain). Mice were treated orally with (+)-SJ733 (as the (+)-enantiomer) administered as four sequential daily doses. Parasitemia was monitored over time to determine efficacy (ED₉₀) and clearance kinetics. Some experiments used splenectomized mice or mice treated with liposomal clodronate to deplete Kupffer cells. [1]
P. berghei efficacy in mice: Normal mice were infected with P. berghei. Mice were treated orally with racemic SJ733 (or the (+)-enantiomer) as four sequential daily doses to determine ED₉₀ and clearance kinetics. [1] Transmission blocking assay: Mice infected with P. berghei were treated with a single oral dose of (+)-SJ733 (1 hour before mosquito feeding). Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on the mice, and later dissected to count oocysts in the midgut, measuring the compound's ability to block transmission. [1] In vivo resistance selection: A P. berghei strain with weak resistance to (+)-SJ733 was generated by serially passaging parasites in mice with multiple rounds of intermittent high-dose treatment with a close analog, SJ311. Resistance emerged slowly (after 4 weeks). [1] |
| 药代性质 (ADME/PK) |
(+)-SJ733 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics in preclinical animal models (mice, rats, and dogs). After oral administration (at doses of 20-30 mg/kg), peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) in rodents were 3-10 µM, and peak plasma concentrations in dogs were >20 µM, with AUC values of 5-40 µM·h. [1] Oral bioavailability in rats and dogs was >65%. [1] In the mouse model of Plasmodium falciparum NSG, after administration of ED₉₀ dose (1.9 mg/kg), plasma concentrations of (+)-SJ733 were higher than the in vitro EC₉₀ average within 6-10 hours after each administration. [1] The compound showed relatively high clearance in human microsomal models. Based on allometric growth-derived predictions, the effective human dose range was 3-6 mg/kg. [1]
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| 毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK) |
In extensive in vitro analyses, (+)-SJ733 did not exhibit significant safety issues. [1]
In preclinical animal studies (e.g., rats) with single and repeated doses, no significant safety or tolerability issues were observed at any of the tested doses. In a 7-day repeated-dose study in rats, no adverse event response level (NOAEL) and no maximum tolerated dose (MTD) greater than 240 mg/kg were observed. [1] By comparing the AUC at the maximum non-toxic dose in rat safety studies with the AUC at the dose that produced the maximum parasitological response in mice, its safety margin (treatment ratio) was estimated to be at least 43 times. [1] |
| 参考文献 | |
| 其他信息 |
SJ-733 has been used in clinical trials for malaria research.
(+)-SJ733 is the (+)-enantiomer of SJ733, a dihydroisoquinolone (DHIQ) compound identified through high-throughput phenotypic screening. It was selected as a clinical candidate for a rapid clearance component (target candidate component 1) of a potential single-exposure eradication and prophylaxis (SERCaP) malaria drug. [1] Its mechanism of action is thought to be the inhibition of parasite PfATP4, leading to rapid disruption of Na+ homeostasis. This triggers physical changes (causing occultation/senescence) in infected host erythrocytes, including phosphatidylserine exposure, increased rigidity, and spherical morphology. These changes facilitate rapid host-mediated clearance in vivo (e.g., through phagocytosis or mechanical filtration in the spleen/liver), explaining why it acts faster in vivo than in vitro. [1] Resistant mutations in pfatp4 (e.g., L350H) are associated with higher adaptation costs in competitive trials and higher quiescent [Na+]ᵢ in the parasite, which may slow the emergence of resistance in vivo. [1] (+)-SJ733 exhibits complete cross-resistance with other chemical families believed to target PfATP4 (e.g., spironindolones). [1] It can be easily synthesized from a commercially available precursor via a five-step reaction. [1] (+)-SJ733 was selected for clinical development by Medicines for Malaria Venture in March 2013. [1] |
| 分子式 |
C24H16F4N4O2
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|---|---|
| 分子量 |
468.403059005737
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| 精确质量 |
468.12
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| CAS号 |
1424799-20-1
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| PubChem CID |
89508529
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| 外观&性状 |
White to off-white solid powder
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| 密度 |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| 沸点 |
599.0±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| 闪点 |
316.0±30.1 °C
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| 蒸汽压 |
0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| 折射率 |
1.591
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| LogP |
3.8
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| tPSA |
86.1
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| 氢键供体(HBD)数目 |
1
|
| 氢键受体(HBA)数目 |
8
|
| 可旋转键数目(RBC) |
4
|
| 重原子数目 |
34
|
| 分子复杂度/Complexity |
813
|
| 定义原子立体中心数目 |
2
|
| SMILES |
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)[C@@H]([C@H](N(C2=O)CC(F)(F)F)C3=CN=CC=C3)C(=O)NC4=CC(=C(C=C4)F)C#N
|
| InChi Key |
VKCPFWKTFZAOTO-LEWJYISDSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H16F4N4O2/c25-19-8-7-16(10-15(19)11-29)31-22(33)20-17-5-1-2-6-18(17)23(34)32(13-24(26,27)28)21(20)14-4-3-9-30-12-14/h1-10,12,20-21H,13H2,(H,31,33)/t20-,21+/m0/s1
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| 化学名 |
(3S,4S)-N-(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)-1-oxo-3-pyridin-3-yl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-4-carboxamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| 存储方式 |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| 运输条件 |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| 溶解度 (体外实验) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~106.75 mM)
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|---|---|
| 溶解度 (体内实验) |
配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.34 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中,混匀;然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80,混匀;加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。 *生理盐水的制备:将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中,得到澄清溶液。 配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.34 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。 例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中,混匀。 *20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备(4°C,1 周):将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中,得到澄清溶液。 View More
配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.34 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。 1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如:用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液)); 2、取适量母液,按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂,澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明,并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方): 10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline); 假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀/澄清;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀/澄清;然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL; 3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例; 4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出,可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶; 5、为保证最佳实验结果,工作液请现配现用! 6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液,请查看说明书或联系我们; 7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。 |
| 制备储备液 | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1349 mL | 10.6746 mL | 21.3493 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4270 mL | 2.1349 mL | 4.2699 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2135 mL | 1.0675 mL | 2.1349 mL |
1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液):对于大多数产品,InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如:5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度),个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;
2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息,或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中,请联系我们;
3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算(摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等);
4、母液配好之后,将其分装到常规用量,并储存在-20°C或-80°C,尽量减少反复冻融循环。
计算结果:
工作液浓度: mg/mL;
DMSO母液配制方法: mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液(母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度,请首先与我们联系。
体内配方配制方法:取 μL DMSO母液,加入 μL PEG300,混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80,混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O,混匀澄清。
(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后,再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶;
(2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。