| 规格 | 价格 | 库存 | 数量 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 10g |
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| Other Sizes |
| 靶点 |
Microbial Metabolite; Endogenous Metabolite; Flavoring Agents; Alters several flavor and/or taste characteristics; Food additives; Fragrance Ingredients; Cosmetics -> Buffering; Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)
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| 体外研究 (In Vitro) |
农业碳水化合物的发酵产生琥珀酸[2]。
琥珀酸被认为是一种重要的平台化学品。采用响应面法（RSM）通过中心复合设计（CCD）优化了产琥珀酸放线杆菌BE-1菌株的琥珀酸发酵。预测了琥珀酸的优化生产，并研究了葡萄糖、酵母提取物和碳酸镁之间的相互作用。因此，开发了一个预测琥珀酸生产浓度的模型。方差分析（ANOVA）证实了模型的准确性，验证实验进一步证明了模型的有效性，实验表明实际值和预测值之间的百分比误差在3.02%到6.38%之间。此外，观察到酵母提取物和碳酸镁之间的相互作用具有统计学意义。综上所述，RSM是优化培养基成分和研究相互作用效应的有效和有用的方法，可以为使用产琥珀酸A.菌株BE-1进行琥珀酸放大发酵提供有价值的信息[1]。 |
| 体内研究 (In Vivo) |
给予琥珀酸（3、6 mg/kg；口服）的雄性小鼠进入张臂的比例更高，停留时间也更长[3]。分娩后 5 至 40 分钟内，琥珀酸（3、6、12 mg/kg；腹腔注射）可显着提高食物摄入量。测量直肠温度，发现 1.5 mg/kg 的琥珀酸可以预防应激引起的体温过高 [3]。
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| 动物实验 |
The putative anxiolytic activity of succinic acid was examined in male mice by using a number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of the known anxiolytic compound diazepam. Use of the elevated plus-maze test revealed that diazepam (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, PO) or succinic acid (3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg, PO) increased the percentage of entries into open arms and of time spent on open arms. In novel food consumption test, succinic acid (3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mg/kg, IP) caused significant increases in food intake during 5 min when compared with the vehicle. In the stress-induced hyperthermia test, 40 min after drug administration rectal temperature was measured, succinic acid at dose of 1.5 mg/kg, inhibited stress-induced hyperthermia. Thus, these findings indicated that, in contrast with diazepam, succinic acid exhibits anxiolytic-like effect.[3]
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| 药代性质 (ADME/PK) |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Succinic acid occurs normally in human urine (1.9-8.8 mg/L). Metabolism / Metabolites Succinic acid is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle. It is readily metabolized when administered to animals, but may be partly excreted unchanged in the urine if large doses are fed. Succinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid by oxidation via succinate dehydrogenase. |
| 毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK) |
Toxicity Summary
Succinate can inhibit the activities of α-KG–dependent oxygenases (KDMs) and the TET family of 5-methlycytosine (5mC) hydroxylases. Succinate also mediates allosteric inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Inhibition of HIF PHDs leads to activation of HIF-mediated pseudohypoxic response, whereas inhibition of KDMs and TET family of 5mC hydroxylases causes epigenetic alterations that ultimately cause cancer. Succination of KEAP1 in FH deficiency results in the constitutive activation of the antioxidant defense pathway mediated by NRF2, conferring a reductive milieu that promotes cell proliferation. Succination of the Krebs cycle enzyme Aco2 impairs aconitase activity in Fh1-deficient MEFs. Succination also causes irreversible inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Toxicity Data Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 2260 mg/kg [Rat]. Non-Human Toxicity Values LD50 Rat oral 2260 mg/kg |
| 参考文献 |
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| 其他信息 |
Therapeutic Uses
/EXPTL THER/ Succinic acid (100 mM) significantly inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 /a potent mast cell degranulator/ in mice and dose-dependently inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. Further 10 and 100 mM significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. In addition succinic acid (0.1 and 1 mM) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-dinitrophenyl IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells. The level of cyclic AMP in rat peritoneal mast cells, when succinic acid (100 mM) was added, transiently and significantly increased about 4 times compared with that of basal cells. These results suggest a possible use of succinic acid in managing mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis. |
| 分子式 |
C₄H₆O₄
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|---|---|
| 分子量 |
118.09
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| 精确质量 |
118.026
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| CAS号 |
110-15-6
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| 相关CAS号 |
84540-64-7 (Succinic acid tromethamine); 150-90-3 (Disodium succinate); 26776-24-9;14047-56-4 (Succinic acid sodium)
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| PubChem CID |
1110
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| 外观&性状 |
WHITE MINUTE MONOCLINIC PRISMS
Triclinic or monoclinic prisms |
| 密度 |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| 沸点 |
236.1±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| 熔点 |
185 °C
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| 闪点 |
110.9±16.3 °C
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| 蒸汽压 |
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| 折射率 |
1.478
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| LogP |
-0.59
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| tPSA |
74.6
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| 氢键供体(HBD)数目 |
2
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| 氢键受体(HBA)数目 |
4
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| 可旋转键数目(RBC) |
3
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| 重原子数目 |
8
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| 分子复杂度/Complexity |
92.6
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| 定义原子立体中心数目 |
0
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| SMILES |
O([H])C(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])=O
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| InChi Key |
KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
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| 化学名 |
butanedioic acid
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| 别名 |
Wormwood acid SA; succinic acid; butanedioic acid; 110-15-6; Amber acid; Asuccin; Dihydrofumaric acid; Wormwood acid; Katasuccin;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| 存储方式 |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| 运输条件 |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| 溶解度 (体外实验) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~846.81 mM)
H2O : ~30 mg/mL (~254.04 mM) |
|---|---|
| 溶解度 (体内实验) |
配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (23.29 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 27.5 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。 *生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。 配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (23.29 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。 例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 27.5mg/mL澄清的DMSO储备液加入到900μL 20％SBE-β-CD生理盐水中，混匀。 *20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。 View More
配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (23.29 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。 配方 4 中的溶解度: 32.5 mg/mL (275.21 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶. 1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液)); 2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方): 10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline); 假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL； 3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例; 4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶; 5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！ 6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们; 7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。 |
| 制备储备液 | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.4681 mL | 42.3406 mL | 84.6812 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.6936 mL | 8.4681 mL | 16.9362 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8468 mL | 4.2341 mL | 8.4681 mL |
1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液)：对于大多数产品，InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如：5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度），个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;
2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息，或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中，请联系我们;
3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算（摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等）;
4、母液配好之后，将其分装到常规用量，并储存在-20°C或-80°C，尽量减少反复冻融循环。
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/mL；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度，请首先与我们联系。
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O，混匀澄清。
(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后，再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶；
(2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。
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