Azathioprine (BW 57-322)

别名: BW57-322; BW-57-322; Azathioprine; BW 57-322; BW 57 322; trade name: Imuran; Azasan; Imurel. Abbreviations: AZA; AZTP 硫唑嘌呤; 依木兰;依米兰; 6-[(1-甲基-4-硝基-1H-咪唑-5-基)硫代]-1H-嘌呤;硫唑嘌呤 GMP;Azathioprine 硫唑嘌呤;硫唑嘌呤 USP标准品;硫唑嘌呤 标准品;硫唑嘌呤标准品(JP);咪唑硫嘌呤;咪唑硫嘌呤 EP标准品;6-(1-甲基-4-硝基咪唑-5-基)硫代嘌呤;6-(1-甲基-4-硝基咪唑-5-硫基)嘌呤;6-[(1-METHYL-4-1H-NITROIMIDAZOL-5-YL)THIO]PURINE 咪唑硫嘌呤;6-[(1-甲基-4-1H-咪唑基-5)-硫代]-1H-嘌呤;氮杂硫代嘌呤
目录号: V1563 纯度: ≥98%
硫唑嘌呤 (BW-57322; BW 57-322; Imuran; Azasan; Imurel; AZA; AZTP) 是一种批准的免疫抑制药物(6-MP 的前药),用于治疗器官移植和自身免疫性疾病。
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) CAS号: 446-86-6
产品类别: Rho
产品仅用于科学研究,不针对患者销售
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Other Forms of Azathioprine (BW 57-322):

  • Azathioprine-d3 (Azathioprine-d3; BW 57-322-d3)
  • 硫唑嘌呤钠
  • Azathioprine-13C4 (Azathioprine-13C4; BW 57-322-13C4)
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纯度/质量控制文件

纯度: ≥98%

产品描述
硫唑嘌呤 (BW-57322; BW 57-322; Imuran; Azasan; Imurel; AZA; AZTP) 是一种批准的免疫抑制药物(6-MP 的前药),用于治疗器官移植和自身免疫性疾病。它通过抑制嘌呤合成和 GTP 结合蛋白 Rac1 激活发挥作用。硫唑嘌呤是一种前药,必须在体内转化为其活性代谢物 6-巯基嘌呤 (6-MP),它取代了正常的核苷并错误地掺入 DNA 序列中。这会导致 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质合成的抑制。结果,细胞增殖可能受到抑制,特别是淋巴细胞和白细胞的增殖。
生物活性&实验参考方法
靶点
Rac1
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) is a prodrug with no direct targets; its metabolites 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) exert effects; 6-MP inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT, Ki=0.3 μM) and thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT, IC50=1.2 μM), and 6-TG inhibits DNA polymerase (IC50=0.8 μM) [3]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) metabolites also inhibit phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (IC50=1.5 μM) in the de novo purine synthesis pathway, blocking purine nucleotide synthesis [2]
体外研究 (In Vitro)
硫唑嘌呤抑制 Rac1 靶基因的激活,例如丝裂原激活蛋白激酶激酶 (MEK)、NF-kappaB 和 bcl-x(L),导致原代人 CD4+ T 淋巴细胞凋亡的线粒体途径。因此,硫唑嘌呤通过调节 Rac1 活性将共刺激信号转化为细胞凋亡信号。因此,硫唑嘌呤生成的 6-Thio-GTP 通过阻断 Rac 蛋白上的 Vav 活性来阻止有效免疫反应的发展。硫唑嘌呤 (1 mM) 可恢复 ATP 水平并阻止细胞损伤,而富含葡萄糖的培养基中的培养可增加 ATP 水平并改善细胞死亡。硫唑嘌呤在第 1 天降低活力 5-34%,在第 4 天降低 42-92%。硫唑嘌呤降低肝细胞的活力,并在分离的大鼠肝细胞原代培养物中诱导以下事件:细胞内减少谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 消耗、代谢活性降低、和乳酸脱氢酶的释放。硫唑嘌呤对肝细胞的作用与完整的离体大鼠肝线粒体的肿胀和耗氧量增加有关。
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 代谢产物6-MP浓度依赖性抑制淋巴细胞增殖:10 μM浓度下,人外周血T淋巴细胞增殖率从75%降至22%,B淋巴细胞从68%降至18%,同时抑制IL-2、IFN-γ分泌(分别降低65%和58%)[1]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 100 μM浓度处理炎症性肠病患者的肠道黏膜细胞,可减少TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA表达(分别降低52%和49%),抑制NF-κB p65核转位(减少55%)[3]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 对皮肤角质形成细胞无直接抑制作用,但50 μM浓度下可抑制炎症因子诱导的角质形成细胞过度活化,下调ICAM-1表达(降低48%)[1]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 代谢产物可阻断嘌呤核苷酸合成:20 μM浓度下,人淋巴细胞中ATP和GTP水平分别降低62%和57%,DNA合成抑制率达70% [2]
体内研究 (In Vivo)
在小鼠-大鼠脑异种移植物中,硫唑嘌呤联合环孢菌素 A 和泼尼松龙可使 15 个移植物中的 14 个存活(93%),而单独使用环孢菌素 A 治疗组中的 14 个移植物中只有 11 个存活(79%)。
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 以50 mg/kg口服,每日1次,持续21天,可改善小鼠自身免疫性脑炎模型症状:神经功能缺损评分从4.1分降至1.8分,脑组织炎性细胞浸润减少65% [2]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 口服2 mg/kg·d,持续12周,可有效治疗大鼠炎症性肠病:腹泻、便血症状缓解率达72%,结肠黏膜炎症评分从3.5分降至1.2分,黏膜损伤修复率达68% [3]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 以100 mg/kg口服,每日1次,持续4周,可抑制小鼠接触性皮炎模型的皮肤炎症:红斑肿胀评分从2.8分降至0.9分,皮肤组织中组胺、5-羟色胺水平分别降低60%和55% [1]
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) 临床给药(1-2 mg/kg·d口服)可改善银屑病患者皮损:银屑病面积和严重程度指数(PASI)评分从12.6分降至4.3分,皮损消退率达66% [1]
酶活实验
采用紫外分光光度法检测HGPRT活性:将重组HGPRT与次黄嘌呤、磷酸核糖焦磷酸(PRPP)混合,加入梯度浓度的6-MP(Azathioprine代谢产物),37℃孵育30分钟,检测反应产物次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)的紫外吸收值,计算HGPRT活性抑制率及Ki值 [3]
采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测TPMT活性:将人肝组织匀浆与6-MP、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)混合,加入Azathioprine(终浓度0.1-10 μM),37℃孵育60分钟,HPLC分离检测甲基化产物6-甲基巯基嘌呤,计算TPMT活性抑制率及IC50值 [2]
细胞实验
细胞系:大鼠肝细胞、人肝细胞
浓度:0-50 μM
孵育时间:24-48 小时
结果:低浓度0.5时,大鼠肝细胞的细胞活力和细胞内GSH水平下降μM,但在浓度低于 50 μM 时细胞活力没有显着降低,并且在人肝细胞中浓度低至 1 μM 时明显注意到 GSH 消耗。
人外周血淋巴细胞分离后接种于96孔板(2×10⁵个/孔),加入PHA(5 μg/mL)刺激增殖,同步加入梯度浓度的Azathioprine (BW 57-322)(1-50 μM),培养72小时;CCK-8法检测细胞活力,ELISA法检测上清中IL-2、IFN-γ浓度 [1]
炎症性肠病患者肠道黏膜细胞分离后接种于24孔板(1×10⁶个/孔),加入LPS(1 μg/mL)刺激,加入Azathioprine (BW 57-322)(20、50、100 μM),孵育48小时;提取总RNA,qPCR检测TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA表达,Western blot检测NF-κB p65核转位水平 [3]
人皮肤角质形成细胞接种于6孔板(5×10⁴个/孔),培养24小时后加入TNF-α(10 ng/mL)刺激,同步加入Azathioprine (BW 57-322)(10-100 μM),孵育24小时;流式细胞仪检测ICAM-1表达水平 [1]
动物实验
非近交系雌性 CD-1 小鼠,雌性 ICR 小鼠
25-400 mg/kg
灌胃;每日;10 天
使用 C57BL/6 小鼠(8 周龄,雄性)建立自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型:在第 0 天皮下注射乳化髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白 (MOG35-55),在第 0 天和第 2 天腹腔注射百日咳毒素;从第 7 天开始给药,硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322) 溶于 0.5% 羟丙基甲基纤维素溶液中,以 50 mg/kg 的剂量每日一次口服给药,持续 21 天;每日评估神经功能缺损评分,并在实验结束时检测脑组织炎症浸润[2]
采用SD大鼠(12周龄,雌性)建立炎症性肠病模型:自由饮用5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)溶液7天;从造模第1天开始给药,口服硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)2 mg/kg·d,持续12周;每周评估腹泻和便血症状,并在实验结束时检测结肠黏膜炎症评分和组织修复情况[3]
采用BALB/c小鼠(6周龄,雌性)建立接触性皮炎模型:用2,4-二硝基氟苯(DNFB)涂抹腹部皮肤致敏,并在第5天用DNFB涂抹耳朵进行激发;给药于攻击后24小时开始,给予硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322),剂量为100 mg/kg,每日一次口服,持续4周;每日评估耳部红肿评分,并在实验结束时检测皮肤组织中的炎症因子水平[1]
药代性质 (ADME/PK)
吸收、分布和排泄
口服硫唑嘌呤吸收良好,达峰时间(Tmax)为1-2小时。关于硫唑嘌呤吸收的更多数据尚不明确。
8小时后,尿液中检测不到硫唑嘌呤和巯嘌呤。关于硫唑嘌呤的消除途径的更多数据尚不明确。
关于硫唑嘌呤分布容积的数据尚不明确。
关于硫唑嘌呤清除率的数据尚不明确。
硫唑嘌呤和巯嘌呤与血浆蛋白的结合率中等,部分可透析。它们在肝脏和/或红细胞中通过氧化或甲基化作用迅速从血液中清除。肾清除率对生物活性或毒性影响甚微,但肾功能衰竭患者需降低剂量。
硫唑嘌呤口服吸收良好,给药后1至2小时内即可达到血药浓度峰值。
硫唑嘌呤经胃肠道吸收良好,口服生物利用度约为60%。
硫唑嘌呤从血液中清除迅速;硫唑嘌呤和巯嘌呤与血清蛋白的结合率均约为30%,两者似乎均可透析,且似乎均可透过胎盘。
代谢产物主要以6-巯嘌呤的形式经尿液排泄。不到2%的硫唑嘌呤和20%至40%的6-巯基嘌呤以原形药物的形式经尿液排出。
代谢/代谢物
硫唑嘌呤非酶促转化为6-巯基嘌呤。6-巯基嘌呤随后经硫嘌呤甲基转移酶代谢为6-甲基巯基嘌呤,经黄嘌呤氧化酶代谢为6-硫尿酸,或经次黄嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶代谢为6-硫代-5'-单磷酸。6-硫代-5'-单磷酸经硫嘌呤甲基转移酶代谢为6-甲基硫代-5'-单磷酸,或经肌苷单磷酸脱氢酶代谢为6-硫代黄嘌呤酸。 6-硫代黄嘌呤酸经鸟苷单磷酸合成酶代谢为6-硫代鸟嘌呤单磷酸,这是6-硫代鸟嘌呤核苷酸中的第一个。6-硫代鸟嘌呤单磷酸经磷酸化生成其余的6-硫代鸟嘌呤核苷酸,即6-硫代鸟嘌呤二磷酸和6-硫代鸟嘌呤三磷酸。
口服硫唑嘌呤在体内迅速分解为6-巯基嘌呤。
在体内代谢为6-巯基嘌呤(参见相关条目)。
硫唑嘌呤代谢为6-巯基嘌呤。
主要通过非酶促过程和谷胱甘肽转移酶转化为活性代谢物6-巯基嘌呤和6-硫代肌苷酸。 6-巯基嘌呤的活化是通过次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (HGPRT) 和一系列涉及激酶的多酶过程,最终生成 6-硫代鸟嘌呤核苷酸 (6-TGN) 作为主要代谢产物。
消除途径:两种化合物均迅速从血液中消除,并在红细胞和肝脏中被氧化或甲基化;8 小时后尿液中检测不到硫唑嘌呤或巯基嘌呤。
生物半衰期
硫唑嘌呤的半衰期约为 5 小时。
硫唑嘌呤的消除半衰期约为 12 至 15 分钟,6-巯基嘌呤的消除半衰期约为 30 分钟至 4 小时。硫唑嘌呤的总清除率为 60 ml/min/kg,6-巯基嘌呤的总清除率为 10 ml/min/kg。
硫唑嘌呤本身的半衰期约为 10 分钟,巯基嘌呤的半衰期约为 1 小时。
口服硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322) 的生物利用度为 47%±5%,达峰时间 (Tmax) 为 1.5 小时,口服 50 mg 后血浆峰浓度 (Cmax) 为 320 ng/mL [3]
口服硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322) 在肝脏中迅速代谢,经硫嘌呤 S-甲基转移酶 (TPMT) 转化为 6-巯基嘌呤 (6-MP),然后经黄嘌呤氧化酶 (XO) 代谢为无活性产物;消除半衰期 (t1/2) = 3-5 小时 [2]
硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322)分布广泛,血浆蛋白结合率为 30%±4%,可透过胎盘屏障,少量进入乳汁 [1]
硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322)主要经肾脏排泄,给药剂量的 65% 在 24 小时内经尿液排出,12% 经粪便排出 [3]
毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK)
毒性概述
识别:类别:其他免疫抑制剂。硫唑嘌呤:淡黄色无味粉末。该药不溶于水,微溶于乙醇。人体暴露:概述:主要风险和靶器官:硫唑嘌呤是一种骨髓毒性和肝毒性免疫抑制剂。骨髓和肝脏是主要靶器官,但胃肠道、肾脏、肺、中枢神经系统和皮肤也可能受到影响。大量过量服用时可能出现短暂性胃肠炎。白细胞减少症是硫唑嘌呤治疗期间和过量服用患者可能出现的主要毒性反应。肝肾功能检查结果可能改变,但通常在停药后恢复正常。临床表现概述:治疗剂量下很少出现口腔溃疡,但大剂量服用时可能会出现。胃肠道紊乱,如恶心、呕吐、腹痛和腹泻,主要见于高剂量用药。长期服用硫唑嘌呤后也曾报道发生急性胰腺炎。治疗剂量和过量服用硫唑嘌呤后均可出现骨髓抑制,主要表现为白细胞减少,偶见全血细胞减少。这种免疫抑制可能导致感染性休克。文献记载,硫唑嘌呤治疗后可出现肝功能障碍(肝细胞性肝病和胆汁淤积性肝病)、肝静脉闭塞性疾病和肝血管瘤。另有报道称,硫唑嘌呤治疗4年后出现急性限制性肺病、间质性肾炎和进行性白质脑病。此外,还记录了皮疹、脱发和荨麻疹,以及一例伴有脱屑和疼痛的掌跖红斑。诊断:硫唑嘌呤过量的诊断主要依据用药史和临床表现,包括胃肠功能障碍、白细胞减少和肝功能障碍。需要进行外周血细胞计数和肝功能检查。检测红细胞中硫唑嘌呤的细胞毒性代谢产物6-硫鸟嘌呤核苷酸的水平有助于确诊,也可用于预测硫唑嘌呤的骨髓毒性。适应症:用途:硫唑嘌呤可作为辅助药物用于预防肾移植排斥反应。该药需与其他免疫抑制疗法联合使用,包括局部放射疗法、皮质类固醇和其他细胞毒性药物。硫唑嘌呤可用于治疗涉及免疫系统紊乱的疾病,包括慢性活动性肝炎、重症类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、皮肌炎、寻常型天疱疮、结节性多动脉炎、获得性溶血性贫血、克罗恩病和特发性血小板减少症。禁忌症:对硫唑嘌呤过敏者禁用。肾功能衰竭、肝功能不全和孕妇也禁用硫唑嘌呤。给药途径:口服:硫唑嘌呤通常口服给药。肠外给药:肾移植后,对于无法耐受口服药物的患者,最初可静脉注射硫唑嘌呤。应尽快以口服治疗取代肠外治疗。药代动力学:吸收途径:硫唑嘌呤易于从胃肠道吸收,48 小时内仅有 12.6% 的剂量在粪便中被检测到。分布途径:硫唑嘌呤迅速分布于全身,给药后 1 至 2 小时达到血浆峰浓度。少量硫唑嘌呤与血浆蛋白结合(最多 30%),仅有极少量进入大脑。硫唑嘌呤可透过胎盘,在胎儿血液中检测到痕量的 6-巯基嘌呤代谢物。生物半衰期:硫唑嘌呤的血浆半衰期为 3 至 5 小时。代谢:硫唑嘌呤在体内代谢为巯基嘌呤,该代谢过程可能由谷胱甘肽等巯基化合物介导。巯嘌呤经氧化和甲基化生成多种衍生物,其中以6-硫尿酸为主;代谢物的比例因人而异。硫唑嘌呤中硝基甲基咪唑部分的代谢途径尚未完全阐明。少量硫唑嘌呤也会裂解生成1-甲基-4-硝基-5-硫代咪唑。发挥治疗作用的活性代谢物6-硫鸟嘌呤核苷酸在细胞内生成,且半衰期似乎很长。药物清除途径:硫唑嘌呤的代谢物经肾脏排泄;仅有少量硫唑嘌呤和巯嘌呤以原形排出。给药后24小时内,高达50%的剂量经尿液排出,其中10%为原药。目前尚无关于硫唑嘌呤在母乳中排泄的数据。药理学和毒理学:作用机制:毒效学:硫唑嘌呤的主要毒性作用是骨髓抑制,表现为白细胞减少、巨细胞性贫血、全血细胞减少和血小板减少,这可能导致凝血时间延长,最终导致出血。药效学:硫唑嘌呤免疫抑制作用的确切机制尚未明确。硫唑嘌呤是嘌呤代谢拮抗剂,可能抑制RNA和DNA的合成。该药物还可能掺入核酸,导致染色体断裂、核酸功能障碍或合成异常蛋白质。该药物还可能抑制辅酶的形成和功能,从而干扰细胞代谢。该药物可能抑制有丝分裂。在接受肾移植的患者中,硫唑嘌呤抑制细胞介导的超敏反应,并引起抗体生成的不同程度的改变。人体数据:成人:约1%的患者出现严重全血细胞减少症。儿童:淋巴细胞减少症、IgG和IgM浓度降低、巨细胞病毒感染。体外实验观察到人淋巴细胞的细胞遗传学损伤。接受该药治疗的类风湿性关节炎患者出现急性髓系白血病和实体瘤。致突变性:硫唑嘌呤在动物和人类中均具有致突变性,接受硫唑嘌呤治疗的人类已记录到染色体异常,但停药后这些异常可逆转。药物相互作用:与别嘌醇合用时,硫唑嘌呤剂量应减少75%,因为别嘌醇会影响硫唑嘌呤代谢产物巯嘌呤的代谢。硫唑嘌呤可能会降低某些神经肌肉阻滞剂(包括箭毒和相关非去极化药物)的作用。某些细胞毒性药物与硫唑嘌呤合用时,可能产生叠加或协同毒性作用。药品安全委员会建议,硫唑嘌呤和青霉胺不应同时使用。硫唑嘌呤和皮质类固醇可能具有协同作用。硫唑嘌呤可能降低华法林的抗凝血作用。动物/植物研究:动物研究表明,硫唑嘌呤会影响造血系统,抑制粒细胞生成、巨核细胞生成,从而抑制血小板生成。在犬中观察到可逆性肝毒性。在兔中观察到多种致畸作用,表现为骨骼异常。在小鼠中观察到胚胎致死性。致癌性:硫唑嘌呤对动物具有致癌性。致畸性:当给予与人类剂量相当的剂量时,硫唑嘌呤对兔和小鼠具有致畸性。异常情况包括骨骼畸形和内脏异常。致突变性:硫唑嘌呤在Ames试验中具有致突变性。
硫唑嘌呤拮抗嘌呤代谢,可能抑制DNA、RNA和蛋白质的合成。它也可能干扰细胞代谢并抑制有丝分裂。其作用机制可能是由于硫嘌呤类似物掺入DNA结构中,导致链终止和细胞毒性。
毒性数据
小鼠和大鼠单次口服硫唑嘌呤的LD50分别为2500 mg/kg和400 mg/kg。
相互作用
黄嘌呤氧化酶是硫唑嘌呤代谢物分解代谢中一种重要的酶,别嘌呤醇可阻断该酶。如果同一患者同时使用硫唑嘌呤和别嘌醇,硫唑嘌呤的剂量必须减少至常用剂量的25%至33%,但最好不要同时使用这两种药物。硫唑嘌呤与其他骨髓抑制剂或ACE抑制剂合用可能导致的不良反应包括白细胞减少症、血小板减少症和/或贫血……
别嘌醇抑制硫唑嘌呤的主要代谢途径,即黄嘌呤氧化酶对巯嘌呤的氧化代谢。这可能导致硫唑嘌呤毒性蓄积,并伴有骨髓抑制。
治疗用途可能导致骨髓抑制、肝功能障碍、感染、药物热、皮疹、荨麻疹、过敏性血管炎、恶心、呕吐和腹泻,并且在与皮质类固醇合用治疗类风湿性关节炎时,可能增加非霍奇金淋巴瘤的风险。
别嘌醇诱导的黄嘌呤氧化酶介导的代谢抑制可能导致硫唑嘌呤活性和毒性显著增强;应尽可能避免同时使用,尤其是在肾移植患者中,因为6-巯基嘌呤(硫唑嘌呤代谢物)蓄积的风险很高,如果移植肾发生排斥反应,则可能导致硫唑嘌呤毒性;如果必须同时使用,建议将硫唑嘌呤的剂量减少至常用剂量的四分之一到三分之一,密切监测患者,并根据患者的反应和毒性证据调整后续剂量。
有关硫唑嘌呤(共8种)的更多相互作用(完整)数据,请访问HSDB记录页面。
非人类毒性值
大鼠口服LD50:535 mg/kg
大鼠腹腔注射LD50:300 mg/kg
大鼠十二指肠内LD50:630 mg/kg
小鼠口服LD50:1389 mg/kg
有关硫唑嘌呤(共7种)的更多非人类毒性值(完整)数据,请访问HSDB记录页面。
硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)最常见的毒性是骨髓抑制:临床剂量下外周血白细胞减少症的发生率为 38%,血小板减少症的发生率为 15%,大多与剂量相关,停药后可逆 [3]
长期服用(>6 个月)硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322)可引起肝损伤:血清 ALT 和 AST 升高的发生率为 22%,约 3% 的病例会出现严重胆汁淤积 [1]
硫唑嘌呤 (BW 57-322)与别嘌醇合用时,黄嘌呤氧化酶受到抑制,6-巯基嘌呤代谢减慢,毒性增强(骨髓抑制的风险增加 2.5 倍);与华法林合用可降低华法林的抗凝活性[2]
硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)的口服半数致死量(LD50)在小鼠中为450 mg/kg,在大鼠中为520 mg/kg[3]
参考文献

[1]. Azathioprine in dermatology: the past, the present, and the future. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2006. 55(3): p. 369-89.

[2]. Azathioprine: old drug, new actions. J Clin Invest, 2003. 111(8): p. 1122-4.

[3]. Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004. 2(9): p. 731-43.

其他信息
治疗用途
硫唑嘌呤还适用于治疗其他免疫性疾病,包括区域性结肠炎和溃疡性结肠炎、胆汁性肝硬化、系统性皮肌炎(多发性肌炎)、肾小球肾炎、慢性活动性肝炎、系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)、炎性肌病、重症肌无力、肾病综合征、天疱疮和类天疱疮。/未包含在美国产品标签中/
硫唑嘌呤适用于治疗对休息或常规药物治疗无效的严重、活动性和侵蚀性类风湿性关节炎。/包含在美国产品标签中/
硫唑嘌呤还适用于预防心脏、肝脏和胰腺移植后的排斥反应。 /未包含在美国产品标签中/
硫唑嘌呤适用于肾脏同种移植后预防排斥反应的辅助治疗。/包含在美国产品标签中/
有关硫唑嘌呤(共12种)的更多治疗用途(完整)数据,请访问HSDB记录页面。
药物警告
硫唑嘌呤是一种有毒药物,必须在严密的医疗监护下使用。与其他免疫抑制剂同时使用可能会增加硫唑嘌呤的毒性。
硫唑嘌呤还可能引起皮疹、感染、药物热、血清病、脱发、关节痛、视网膜病变、雷诺氏病和肺水肿。其中一些不良反应可能是罕见超敏反应的表现。硫唑嘌呤引起的超敏反应通常表现为多种症状的组合,包括发热、寒战、肌肉骨骼症状(关节痛、肌痛)和/或皮肤表现(全身性红斑或斑丘疹,活检显示非特异性炎症改变);也可能出现肺部表现(例如咳嗽和/或呼吸困难)以及低血压(可能很严重,并且在伴有发热的情况下,会类似于感染性休克)。接受硫唑嘌呤治疗的患者,尤其是同种异体移植受者,可能会出现肝毒性,表现为血清碱性磷酸酶、胆红素和/或氨基转移酶浓度升高。移植后硫唑嘌呤引起的肝毒性最常发生在移植后6个月内,通常在停药后可逆转。罕见但危及生命的肝静脉闭塞症曾在几例肾移植受者和一名全葡萄膜炎患者中发生,这些患者均接受了长期硫唑嘌呤治疗;大多数患者出现了严重的并发症,包括进行性门静脉高压、进行性肝功能衰竭(需行门体分流术)、伴有门静脉高压和食管静脉曲张的进行性慢性肝功能衰竭,和/或病情迅速恶化导致死亡。部分患者的肝静脉闭塞症与巨细胞病毒感染和硫唑嘌呤的使用有关,但与药物剂量、肾移植类型或持续时间以及基础肾脏疾病类型无关。迄今为止的报告表明,肝静脉闭塞症通常在治疗1-2年后发病,且主要发生于男性。临床表现通常以黄疸为首发症状,随后常出现腹水和其他部分性高血压的体征。血清碱性磷酸酶和胆红素浓度通常升高。预后不良。由于肝静脉闭塞症可能导致临床病情迅速恶化,因此必须及时诊断和治疗干预。许多临床医生建议,对于接受硫唑嘌呤治疗的肾移植受者,一旦出现轻度肝功能障碍的最初迹象,就应进行肝活检以诊断肝静脉闭塞症。如果确诊为肝静脉闭塞症,应立即永久停用硫唑嘌呤;应考虑其他免疫抑制疗法,如果肝功能衰竭持续进展,则应考虑抗凝治疗、部分腔静脉分流术或肝移植。接受硫唑嘌呤治疗的类风湿性关节炎患者中,肝毒性发生率低于1%。接受大剂量硫唑嘌呤治疗的患者可能会出现恶心、呕吐、厌食和腹泻。分次服用和/或餐后服用可最大程度减少胃肠道不良反应。极少数情况下,过敏性胰腺炎可引起呕吐和腹痛。曾有报道出现以严重恶心和呕吐为特征的胃肠道过敏反应。该反应还可能伴有腹泻、皮疹、发热、不适、肌痛、肝酶升高,偶见低血压。胃肠道毒性症状通常在硫唑嘌呤治疗的最初几周内出现,停药后可逆转。再次服用单剂量药物后,该反应可在数小时内发生。其他胃肠道不良反应包括口腔黏膜溃疡、可能伴有溃疡的食管炎和脂肪泻。
有关硫唑嘌呤(共33条)的更多药物警告(完整)数据,请访问HSDB记录页面。
药效学
硫唑嘌呤是一种免疫抑制剂,其作用机制是通过调节Rac1诱导T细胞凋亡,以及其他未知的免疫抑制功能。由于每日给药,其作用持续时间长,但治疗指数窄。应告知患者皮肤恶性肿瘤和淋巴瘤的风险。
硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)是一种经典的免疫抑制剂和抗代谢药物,于1957年首次合成;它通过代谢产物阻断嘌呤核苷酸的合成,抑制免疫细胞增殖和炎症反应[1]
硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)的获批适应症包括:自身免疫性疾病(类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮)、炎症性肠病(克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎)、皮肤病(银屑病、天疱疮)以及预防器官移植排斥反应[3]
硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)的作用机制包括:抑制T/B淋巴细胞增殖、减少炎症因子分泌、阻断免疫复合物形成以及抑制肠黏膜炎症浸润[2]
FDA对硫唑嘌呤(BW 57-322)的警告信息:用药期间需要定期监测血常规和肝功能; TPMT基因多态性(TPMT活性低)的患者发生骨髓抑制的风险显著增加,需要减少剂量或避免用药[1]
*注: 文献方法仅供参考, InvivoChem并未独立验证这些方法的准确性
化学信息 & 存储运输条件
分子式
C9H7N7O2S
分子量
277.26
精确质量
277.038
元素分析
C, 38.99; H, 2.54; N, 35.36; O, 11.54; S, 11.56
CAS号
446-86-6
相关CAS号
Azathioprine-d3;2702733-53-5;Azathioprine sodium;55774-33-9;Azathioprine-13C4;1346600-71-2
PubChem CID
2265
外观&性状
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
密度
1.9±0.1 g/cm3
沸点
685.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
熔点
243-244°C
闪点
368.5±31.5 °C
蒸汽压
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C
折射率
1.924
LogP
0.67
tPSA
143.4
氢键供体(HBD)数目
1
氢键受体(HBA)数目
7
可旋转键数目(RBC)
2
重原子数目
19
分子复杂度/Complexity
354
定义原子立体中心数目
0
SMILES
S(C1C2=C(N=C([H])N=1)N=C([H])N2[H])C1=C([N+](=O)[O-])N=C([H])N1C([H])([H])[H]
InChi Key
LMEKQMALGUDUQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C9H7N7O2S/c1-15-4-14-7(16(17)18)9(15)19-8-5-6(11-2-10-5)12-3-13-8/h2-4H,1H3,(H,10,11,12,13)
化学名
6-(3-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-7H-purine
别名
BW57-322; BW-57-322; Azathioprine; BW 57-322; BW 57 322; trade name: Imuran; Azasan; Imurel. Abbreviations: AZA; AZTP
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
存储方式

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意: 本产品在运输和储存过程中需避光。
运输条件
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
溶解度数据
溶解度 (体外实验)
DMSO: ~54 mg/mL (~194.8 mM)
Water: <1 mg/mL
Ethanol: <1 mg/mL
溶解度 (体内实验)
配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.50 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中,混匀;然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80,混匀;加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备:将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中,得到澄清溶液。

配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.50 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中,混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备(4°C,1 周):将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中,得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.50 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。


请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案:
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如:用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液,按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂,澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明,并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀/澄清;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀/澄清;然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL;

3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出,可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果,工作液请现配现用!
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液,请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。
制备储备液 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 3.6067 mL 18.0336 mL 36.0672 mL
5 mM 0.7213 mL 3.6067 mL 7.2134 mL
10 mM 0.3607 mL 1.8034 mL 3.6067 mL

1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液):对于大多数产品,InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如:5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度),个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;

2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息,或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中,请联系我们;

3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算(摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等);

4、母液配好之后,将其分装到常规用量,并储存在-20°C或-80°C,尽量减少反复冻融循环。

计算器

摩尔浓度计算器可计算特定溶液所需的质量、体积/浓度,具体如下:

  • 计算制备已知体积和浓度的溶液所需的化合物的质量
  • 计算将已知质量的化合物溶解到所需浓度所需的溶液体积
  • 计算特定体积中已知质量的化合物产生的溶液的浓度
使用摩尔浓度计算器计算摩尔浓度的示例如下所示:
假如化合物的分子量为350.26 g/mol,在5mL DMSO中制备10mM储备液所需的化合物的质量是多少?
  • 在分子量(MW)框中输入350.26
  • 在“浓度”框中输入10,然后选择正确的单位(mM)
  • 在“体积”框中输入5,然后选择正确的单位(mL)
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案17.513 mg出现在“质量”框中。以类似的方式,您可以计算体积和浓度。

稀释计算器可计算如何稀释已知浓度的储备液。例如,可以输入C1、C2和V2来计算V1,具体如下:

制备25毫升25μM溶液需要多少体积的10 mM储备溶液?
使用方程式C1V1=C2V2,其中C1=10mM,C2=25μM,V2=25 ml,V1未知:
  • 在C1框中输入10,然后选择正确的单位(mM)
  • 在C2框中输入25,然后选择正确的单位(μM)
  • 在V2框中输入25,然后选择正确的单位(mL)
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案62.5μL(0.1 ml)出现在V1框中
g/mol

分子量计算器可计算化合物的分子量 (摩尔质量)和元素组成,具体如下:

注:化学分子式大小写敏感:C12H18N3O4  c12h18n3o4
计算化合物摩尔质量(分子量)的说明:
  • 要计算化合物的分子量 (摩尔质量),请输入化学/分子式,然后单击“计算”按钮。
分子质量、分子量、摩尔质量和摩尔量的定义:
  • 分子质量(或分子量)是一种物质的一个分子的质量,用统一的原子质量单位(u)表示。(1u等于碳-12中一个原子质量的1/12)
  • 摩尔质量(摩尔重量)是一摩尔物质的质量,以g/mol表示。
/

配液计算器可计算将特定质量的产品配成特定浓度所需的溶剂体积 (配液体积)

  • 输入试剂的质量、所需的配液浓度以及正确的单位
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案显示在体积框中
动物体内实验配方计算器(澄清溶液)
第一步:请输入基本实验信息(考虑到实验过程中的损耗,建议多配一只动物的药量)
第二步:请输入动物体内配方组成(配方适用于不溶/难溶于水的化合物),不同的产品和批次配方组成不同,如对配方有疑问,可先联系我们提供正确的体内实验配方。此外,请注意这只是一个配方计算器,而不是特定产品的确切配方。
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+
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计算结果:

工作液浓度 mg/mL;

DMSO母液配制方法 mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液(母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度,请首先与我们联系。

体内配方配制方法μL DMSO母液,加入 μL PEG300,混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80,混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O,混匀澄清。

(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后,再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶;
            (2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。

临床试验信息
Induction of Remission in Autoimmune Hepatitis With Azathioprine vs. MMF
CTID: NCT06650124
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-11-07
Maintenance of Remission with Rituximab Versus Azathioprine for Newly-diagnosed or Relapsing Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.
CTID: NCT03164473
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-18
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With DMARDs: Predictors of Response
CTID: NCT03414502
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-09-19
Uterus Transplantation to Treat Infertility
CTID: NCT05646992
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-08-09
Comparison of Efficacy of Methotrexate and Azathioprine in Patients With Chronic Actinic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
CTID: NCT06476366
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-07-09
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A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Satralizumab in Participants With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
CTID: NCT04660539
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-06-17


Baricitinib Versus Azathioprine in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis
CTID: NCT05969730
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-05-20
Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Immunosuppression in Myocarditis or Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy.
CTID: NCT04654988
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-03-28
Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT02517684
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-03-05
A Randomized Multicenter Study for Isolated Skin Vasculitis
CTID: NCT02939573
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-02-01
Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus Treatment in Liver Transplantation for Liver Cancer
CTID: NCT02081755
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-01-30
A Phase 3 Clinical Trial of CCX168 (Avacopan) in Patients With ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
CTID: NCT02994927
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-01-29
Early Use of Long-acting Tacrolimus in Lung Transplant Recipients
CTID: NCT04469842
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Enrolling by invitation
Date: 2024-01-10
Simplified IMmunosuppressive Protocol Utilizing Low Dose EnvarsusXR
CTID: NCT04773392
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-12-05
Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children
CTID: NCT03681652
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-11-22
Baricitinib for the Treatment of Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
CTID: NCT05263505
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2023-11-07
Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery
CTID: NCT04160325
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-10-17
Efficacy and Safety for Telitacicept in the Remission Maintenance Treatment of ANCA-associated Vasculitis (TTCAZAREM)
CTID: NCT05965284
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-07-28
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine in Treatment Naive Autoimmune Hepatitis
CTID: NCT02900443
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2023-06-22
Monitoring of Azathioprine Metabolite Concentrations and Cytokine Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
CTID: NCT05896605
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-06-09
A Randomized, Multicenter Open Label Study Comparing Early Administration of Azathioprine Plus IFX to Steroids Plus Azathioprine for Acute Severe Colitis
CTID: NCT02425852
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-05-31
HLADQA1*05 Genotype and the Efficacy of Treatment With Infliximab in Chinese Population Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT05813860
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2023-05-09
Azathioprine in MOGAD
CTID: NCT05349006
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2022-11-28
Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT05584228
Phase: N/A    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2022-10-18
A proSpective Randomized Controlled Trial comParing infliximAb-antimetabolites Combination Therapy to Anti-metabolites monotheRapy and Infliximab monothErapy in Crohn's Disease Patients in Sustained Steroid-free Remission on Combination Therapy
CTID: NCT02177071
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-08-03
Effect of Sarilumab on Patient-reported Outcomes in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
CTID: NCT03449758
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-04-28
The Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide or Azathioprine Therapy in Myasthenia Gravis Patients After Expand Thymectomy
CTID: NCT01727193
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-04-14
Rituximab Vasculitis Maintenance Study
CTID: NCT01697267
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-03-18
Cyclophosphamide and Hydroxychloroquine for Thrombocytopenia in SLE
CTID: NCT02444728
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2022-03-14
Comparison of the Efficacy of Leflunomide and Azathioprine for the Maintenance Therapy of ANCA Associated Vasculitis
CTID: NCT04737343
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2021-11-30
Tolerization Reduces Intolerance to Pegloticase and Prolongs the Urate Lowering Effect
CTID: NCT02598596
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-11
Bioequivalence of Azathioprine Suspension 10 mg/mL (Jayempi) Versus Azathioprine Tablet 50mg (Imurek®)
CTID: NCT03930264
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-06-22
Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT04882683
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2021-05-12
Thiopurine Induced Pancreatitis in IBD Patients
CTID: NCT02281799
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2021-03-18
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT04761952
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2021-02-21
Disease-Modifying Treatments for Myasthenia Gravis
CTID: NCT03490539
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-02-03
A Study to Evaluate Ocrelizumab in Patients With Nephritis Due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (BELONG)
CTID: NCT00626197
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2020-12-22
Comparison of Clinical Effects of Azathioprine and Rituximab NMO-SD Patients
CTID: NCT03002038
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-09-30
LCP-Tacro vs. Azathioprine for the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis
CTID: NCT00608894
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2020-03-17
Evaluate if Response to Infliximab or Adalimumab May be Regained With an Immunomodulator
CTID: NCT02413047
Phase: N/A    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-11-04
Tocilizumab vs Azathioprine in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
CTID: NCT03350633
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-10-24
Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT02579733
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-08-14
Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China
CTID: NCT03791827
Phase:    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2019-04-05
Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
CTID: NCT03370601
Phase: N/A    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-02-15
The Iguratimod Effect on Lupus Nephritis (IGeLU)
CTID: NCT02936375
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-12-19
Prevention of Relapses in Proteinase 3 (PR3)-Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis
CTID: NCT00128895
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2018-12-13
A Study of Subcutaneous Tocilizumab as Monotherapy and/or in Combination With Non-Biologic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Participants With Rheumatoid Arthritis
CTID: NCT01941095
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-11-13
Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT03101800
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-08-15
Reposition of Second Line Treatment in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia
CTID: NCT03229746
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-06-28
Alitretinoin vs Azathioprine in Severe Non-hyperkeratotic Hand Eczema
CTID: NCT03026907
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-05-04
Belimumab in Remission of VASculitis
CTID: NCT01663623
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-04-17
Efficacy Study of Two Treatments in the Remission of Vasculitis
CTID: NCT00748644
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-03-02
Efficacy and Safety of Two Treatment Algorithms in Adults With Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT01235689
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-01-16
MMF vs. AZA for Kidney Transplantation
CTID: NCT00494741
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-12-13
Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT03185611
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2017-06-14
Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT03151525
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2017-05-12
Rituximab for the Treatment of Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis
CTID: NCT00104299
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-04-21
Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553)
CTID: NCT00984568
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2017-04-13
Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807)
CTID: NCT00537316
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2017-04-12
Comparison of Low Dose Versus High Dose Cyclophosphamide as Induction Therapy in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT02645565
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-03-06
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine for Maintenance Therapy of Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT02949349
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-03-03
Possible Role of Chloroquine to Induce a Complete Remission in the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: a Randomized Trial
CTID: NCT02463331
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-02-15
Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium Versus Azathioprine for the Extra-renal Lupus Manifestations
CTID: NCT01112215
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-10-04
Comparison of Sirolimus and Azathioprine in Lung Transplantation
CTID: NCT00321906
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-09-21
Aerosol Cyclosporine for Prevention of Lung Rejection
CTID: NCT00268515
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-05-13
Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Therapy for Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT00774852
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-02-08
Prevention of Skin Cancer in High Risk Patients After Conversion to a Sirolimus-based Immunosuppressive Protocol
CTID: NCT00866684
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2015-09-02
Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT01056237
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-07-31
Infliximab Top-down in Pediatric Crohn
CTID: NCT01880307
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2015-07-02
Azathioprine in the Prevention of Ileal Crohn's Disease Postoperative Recurrence.
CTID: NCT02247258
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2015-05-29
Adalimumab on Preventing Post-chirurgic Recurrence on Crohn´s Disease
CTID: NCT01564823
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-03-17
A Study of CellCept (Mycophenolate Mofetil) in Patients With Lupus Nephritis.
CTID: NCT00425438
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2014-09-25
Immune Tolerance Study With Aldurazyme® (Laronidase)
CTID: NCT00741338
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-07-02
Imuran (Azathioprine) Dose-Ranging Study in Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT00098111
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2014-02-21
Efficacy Study of T2 Versus AZA to Maintain Clinical and Endoscopic Remission in Postoperative Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT01015391
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2013-06-04
Special Drug Use Investigation for IMURAN (Azathioprine) Tablet (Pulmones Transplantation)
CTID: NCT01381432
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2013-05-13
The Efficacy of Enteral Nutrition in Fill of the Treatment Blank Period of the Postoperative Maintain Remission Medication for Crohn's Disease (CD)
CTID: NCT01823042
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2013-04-04
Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT01817972
Phase: Phase 3
Comparison of azathioprine to methotrexate in combination therapy with adalimumab in Crohn’s Disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Trial now transitioned
Date: 2021-07-29
NORDTREAT
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2021-03-12
Azathioprine Immunosuppression and Disease Modification in Parkinson’s Disease (AZA-PD): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase II trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2019-12-03
Viral load guided Immunosuppression after Lung Transplantation
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2019-11-19
Disease modifying therapies withdrawal in inactive Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis patients older than 50 years
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Trial now transitioned
Date: 2018-07-27
MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH VIRUS-NEGATIVE INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2017-10-30
PREemptive Pharmacogenomic testing for Preventing Adverse drug REactions
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2017-06-09
Comparison between two therapeutic strategies for the maintenance of clinical and endoscopic remission in patients with ulcerative colitis treated by infliximab (SCILLA).
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-03-31
A randomised, open-label clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for induction of remission in treatment naive autoimmune hepatitis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2016-11-18
MAINtenance of remission with RITuximab versus azathioprine for patients with newly-diagnosed or relapsing Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-11-18
Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol versus azathioprine monotherapy for patients with ulcerative colitis: protocol for an investigator initiated, open, multicentre, parallel arm, randomised controlled trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-08-25
Efficacy of oral alitretinoin versus oral azathioprine in patients with severe chronic non-hyperkeratotic hand eczema. A randomized prospective open-label trial with blinded outcome assessment.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2015-07-09
Prospective randomised marker-based trial to assess the clinical utility and safety of biomarker-guided immunosuppression withdrawal in liver transplantation
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2015-02-09
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, blinded-assessor, follow-up, phase 4 study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have completed the initial treatment part (active conventional therapy versus three biologic treatments) in the NORD-STAR study and have reached stable low disease activity
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-11-19
A proSpective randomized controlled trial comParing infliximAb-antimetabolites combination therapy to anti-metabolites monotheRapy and infliximab monothErapy in Crohn’s disease patients in sustained steroid-free remission on combination therapy (SPARE)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2014-08-12
New Therapeutic Options for the Maintenance of Remission of the Ulcerative Colitis in Pediatric
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2013-07-10
Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2013-05-31
RANDOMIZED, MULTICENTRIC STUDY COMPARING THE EFFECT OF TWO REGIMENS OF COMBINED IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY CZECH-ICIT (CZECH INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TRIAL)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2012-10-10
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, blinded-assessor, phase 4 study in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis to compare active conventional therapy versus three biologic treatments, and two de-escalation strategies in patients who respond to treatment.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed, Trial now transitioned, Ongoing
Date: 2012-05-28
Randomised, Evaluator-Blinded, Multicentre, International, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial of Gusperimus versus Conventional Therapy in Relapse of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Temporarily Halted, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2012-01-17
Multicentric, randomized double blind clinical trial and paralell groups to compare Adalimub vs Azatioprina efficacy prevention in Crhon disease post-surgical recurrency after 52 weeks of treatment
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2011-12-26
Evaluation de l’arrêt du traitement immunosuppresseur d’entretien après 2 ans dans les glomérulonéphrites lupiques prolifératives
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2010-12-15
An Open-Label, Multicenter, Efficacy and Safety Study to Evaluate Two Treatment Algorithms in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2010-09-20
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, OPEN, PROSPECTIVE, CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP STUDY OF REDUCTION OF THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN ONGOING REMISSION
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2010-05-12
Conventional Step-Up versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients with Active Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. A Randomized, Open Label, Prospective, Multicenter Study (Phase 3, Protocol No. P05553)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-08-17
A 24 week multinational multi-center study consisting of a 12-week single blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of methotrexate versus Azathioprin treatment in adult patients with chronic severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and a 12-week follow up period.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-07-06
�CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GLUTEN-FREE DIET AND CASEIN AND THERAPY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY BOWEL CHANGE IN PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS INTESTINAL AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHILDHOOD AUTISMO�
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-07-03
ENSAYO CLÍNICO ALEATORIZADO Y CONTROLADO PARA EVALUAR LA EFICACIA DE LA AZATIOPRINA VS. MICOFENOLATO SÓDICO PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA FASE DE INDUCCIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO DE LA REMISIÓN DE LOS BROTES EXTRA RENALES DEL LUPUS ERITEMATOSO SISTÉMICO.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-06-26
Comparaison de deux stratégies de sevrage de la corticothérapie chez les myasthéniques traités par Prednisone-Azathioprine
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-01-15
RENAL RESCUE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FOLLOWING HEART TRANSPLANTATION
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-08-08
Etude de l'efficacité du Rituximab versus Azathioprine en traitement d'entretien au cours des vascularites associées aux ANCA : Etude prospective, multicentrique, contrôlée, randomisée
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-07-15
Evaluation de la fonction rénale après introduction de l’évérolimus chez le transplanté cardiaque présentant une insuffisance rénale chronique : étude multicentrique, randomisée en ouvert
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-05-15
Azathioprine maintenance treatment versus Infliximab maintenance treatment in Crohn's disease patients in remission: a randomized multicenter trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-05-14
Supportive versus Immunosuppressive Therapy for the treatment Of Progressive IgA Nephropathy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-01-24
Nouvelle stratégie de traitement de la polyangeite microscopique, de la periartérite noueuse et du syndrome de la churg-strauss sans facteur de mauvais pronostic : Etude prospective multicentrique randomisée en double aveugle.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-01-24
A randomised clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for remission induction in ANCA associated vasculitis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-12-06
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab, as Monotherapy or in Combination With Azathioprine, Versus Azathioprine Monotherapy in Moderate to Severe Active Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1).
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed, Prematurely Ended
Date: 2007-10-31
Randomised controlled trial of tumour-necrosis-factor inhibitors against combination intensive therapy with conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in established rheumatoid arthritis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-05-09
Prevention of skin cancer in high risk patients after conversion a to Sirolimus-based immunosuppressive
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-01-12
multicentee randomized controlled study of azathioprine versus iterferon beta in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2006-08-17
A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMISED, OPEN-LABELED, TRIAL COMPARING SIROLIMUS-CONTAINING VERSUS mTOR-INHIBITOR-FREE IMMUNOSUPRESSION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2006-06-27
A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Multi-Center Trial of Anti-TNFafa Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody (Infliximab, Remicade®) and Azathioprine in Patients Suffering from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with WHO Class V Glomerulonephritis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2006-05-08
FIVE-YEAR SINGLE-BLIND, PHASE II EFFECTIVENESS RANDOMISED ACTIVELY CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL IN NEW ONSET JUVENILE SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHTRITIS ORAL CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE VERSUS HIGH DOSE INTRAVENOUS CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE VERSUS INTERMEDIATE DOSE INTRAVENOUS CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, Completed
Date: 2006-05-02
A randomised, prospective,open-label, multi-centre study comparing the efficacy and safety of conversion to Sirolimus in stable renal transplant recipients with a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2006-01-04
An open, randomized study treating refractory adult-onset Still´s disease (AOSD) with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (KineretR), compared to an established, single anti-rheumatic drug treatment.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing, Completed
Date: 2005-12-22
An international, randomised, open trial comparing a rituximab based regimen with a standard cyclophosphamide/azathioprine regimen in the treatment of 'generalised' ANCA associated vasculitis.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-12-15
Utilidad del tratamiento precoz con azatioprina en la enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Impacto en el mantenimiento de la remisión de la EC y en la prevención del desarrollo de un fenotipo fistulizante.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-11-17
A randomised trial of aminosalicylate withdrawal in patients with ulcerative colitis in established remission on combination treatment of azathioprine (or 6−mercaptopurine) and an aminosalicylate
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2005-09-27
A prospective, randomized, active controlled, parallel group, multi-center trial to assess the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in inducing response and maintaining remission in subjects with lupus nephritis.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2005-09-05
Combined Immunosuppression and Radiotherapy in Thyroid Eye Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-09-03
A 12-Months, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, Proof of Concept Study of the Efficacy of Oral RAD001 (6 mg/day) versus Azathioprine and Placebo in Crohn’s Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-06-27
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial Comparing REMICADE® (infliximab) and REMICADE® plus Azathioprine to Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients with Crohn’s Disease Naive to both Immunomodulators and Biologic Therapy (Study of Biologic and Immunomodulator Naive Patients in Crohn’s Disease) SONIC
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-05-04
An international, open label, randomised controlled trial comparing rituximab with azathioprine as maintenance therapy in relapsing ANCA-associated vasculitis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date:
Risk Stratified randomised controlled trial in paediatric Crohn's Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively - a treatment strategy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Completed
Date:
GMA (Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption) early combined with azathioprine vs Infliximab plus azathioprine for induction of remission in active Crohn's disease : an open randomized trial
CTID: UMIN000005689
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-05-31
Study of Combination Therapy of Adalimumab and an Immunomodulator for Crohn's Disease(Diamond study)
CTID: UMIN000005146
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-02-25
A Prospective Randomized Open Trial to Assess the Efficiency of Infliximab for Crohn's Patients after Intestinal Resection
CTID: UMIN000004427
Phase: Phase II,III    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-11-01

生物数据图片
  • Azathioprine

    Azathioprine and its metabolites suppress lamellipodia but not filopodia formation in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):640-51.
  • Azathioprine

    Azathioprine suppresses binding of Vav-1 to Rac1 but not RhoA. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):640-51.
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