GSK-3β (IC50 = 6.7 nM); GSK-3α (IC50 = 10 nM); cdc2 (IC50 = 8800 nM)

与其最接近的同源物 CDC2 和 ERK2 以及其他蛋白激酶相比，CHIR-99021 对 GSK-3 的选择性高出 500 倍以上。 CHIR-99021 仅对 23 种非激酶具有适度的抑制作用，并且与 22 种具有药理学意义的受体仅具有微弱的结合。在表达胰岛素受体的 CHO-IR 细胞中，CHIR-99021 会激活糖原合酶 (GS)，EC50 为 0.763 μM[1]。

在 2 型糖尿病啮齿动物模型中，口服 30 mg/kg CHIR-99021 可改善葡萄糖代谢。口服给药后三到四个小时，血浆葡萄糖最大程度降低（大约 150 mg/dl），血浆胰岛素水平保持在或低于控制水平。在 ZDF 大鼠中，在口服葡萄糖挑战前每小时口服 16 或 48 mg/kg 剂量的 CHIR-99021 可显着改善葡萄糖耐量，在 16 mg/kg 和 48 mg/kg 剂量下血浆葡萄糖水平分别下降 14% 和 33%分别为 mg/kg 剂量。较高剂量的 CHIR-99021 还可减轻口服葡萄糖激发前的高血糖[1]。

所有激酶测定都遵循相同的核心方案，肽底物和激活剂浓度变化如下所述。聚丙烯96孔板填充300μl/孔缓冲液（50 mmol/l三HCl、10 mmol/l MgCl2、1 mmol/l EGTA、1 mmol/1二硫苏糖醇、25 mmol/lβ-甘油磷酸、1 mmol/l NaF、0.01%BSA、pH 7.5），其中含有激酶、肽底物和任何激活剂。这些测定的激酶浓度、肽底物和激活剂（如适用）信息如下：GSK-3α（27 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素CREB肽）；GSK-3β（29 nmol/l，和0.5μmol/l生物素CREB肽）；cdc2（0.8 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素组蛋白H1肽）；erk2（400单位/ml和髓鞘碱性蛋白包被的闪光板[Perkin-Elmer]）；PKC-α（1.6 nmol/l，0.5μmol/l生物素组蛋白H1肽和0.1 mg/ml磷脂酰丝氨酸+0.01 mg/ml甘油二酯）；PKC-ζ（0.1 nmol/l，0.5μmol/l生物素-PKC-86肽和50μg/ml磷脂酰丝氨酸+5μg/ml二酰甘油）；akt1（5.55nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素磷酸化AKT肽）；p70 S6激酶（1.5 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素GGGKRRRLASLRA）；p90 RSK2（0.049单位/ml和0.5μmol/l生物素GGGKRRRLASLRA）；c-src（4.1单位/ml和0.5μmol/l生物素KVEKIGEGTYGVVYK）；Tie2（1μg/ml和200 nmol/l生物素GGGGAPEDL-YKDFLT）；flt1（1.8 nmol/l和0.25μmol/l KDRY1175[B91616]生物素GGGGQDGKDYIVLPI-NH2）；KDR（0.95 nmol/l和0.25μmol/l KDRY1175[B91616]生物素-GGGQDGKDYIVLPI-NH2）；bFGF受体酪氨酸激酶（RTK；2 nmol/l和0.25μmol/l KDRY1175[B91616]生物素-GGGGGQDGKDYIVLPI-NH2）；IGF1 RTK（1.91 nmol/l和1μmol/l生物素GGGGKKKSPGEYVNIEFG酰胺）；胰岛素RTK（使用DG44 IR细胞）；AMP激酶（470单位/ml、50μmol/l SAMS肽和300μmol/l AMP）；pdk1（0.25 nmol/l、2.9 nmol/l未活化的Akt和20μmol/l DOPC和DOPS+2μmol/l PIP3）；CHK1（1.4 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素-cdc25肽）；CK1-ε（3 nmol/l，和0.2μmol/l生物素肽）；DNA PK；和磷脂酰肌醇（PI）3-激酶（5nmol/l和2μg/ml PI）。在所有无细胞测定中，将受试化合物或对照加入3.5μl DMSO中，然后加入50μl ATP储备，以产生1μmol/l ATP的最终浓度。孵育后，将一式三份的100μl等分试样转移到含有100μl/孔50μmol/l ATP和20 mmol/l EDTA的Combiplate八板（LabSystems，赫尔辛基，芬兰）中。1小时后，用PBS冲洗孔5次，填充200μl闪烁液，密封，静置30分钟，并在闪烁计数器中计数。所有步骤均在室温下进行。抑制计算为100%×（抑制−无酶对照）/（DMSO对照−无酶控制）。[1]

表达人胰岛素受体的 CHO-IR 细胞在含有 10% 胎牛血清且不含次黄嘌呤的 Hamm's F12 培养基中生长至 80% 汇合。在 2 ml 不含胎牛血清的培养基中，将胰蛋白酶处理的细胞以每孔 1×106 个细胞的密度接种到 6 孔板中。 24 小时后，将培养基更换为 1 ml 含有 GSK-3 抑制剂或对照（DMSO 最终浓度 <0.1%）的无血清培养基，37°C 培养 30 分钟。裂解细胞并离心 15 分钟。 4°C/14000g。使用 Thomas 等人开发的滤纸测定法，将 GS 活性比计算为存在和不存在 5 mmol/l 6-磷酸葡萄糖时 GS 活性之间的差异。

Female db/db mice; Male ZDF rats
8-48 mg/kg
Oral administration [1]

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Primary hepatocytes from male Sprague Dawley rats that weighed <140 g are prepared and used 1-3 h after isolation. Aliquots of 1×106cells in 1 mL of DMEM/F12 medium plus 0.2% BSA and CHIR 99021(orally at 16 or 48 mg/kg) or controls are incubated in 12-well plates on a low-speed shaker for 30 min at 37°C in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, collected by centrifugation and lysed by freeze/thaw in buffer A plus 0.01% NP40; the GS assay is again performed. Mice[4] Mice 6-10 weeks old are used. The PUMA+/+ and PUMA-/- littermates on C57BL/6 background (F10) and Lgr5-EGFP (Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2) mice are subjected to whole body irradiation (TBI), or abdominal irradiation (ABI). Mice are injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 2 mg/kg of CHIR99021 4 h before radiation or 1 mg/kg of SB415286 28 h and 4 h before radiation. Mice are sacrificed to collect small intestines for histology analysis and western blotting. All mice are injected i.p. with 100 mg/kg of BrdU before sacrifice[2].

[1]. Selective glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors potentiate activation of glucose transport and utilization in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes. 2003 Mar;52(3):588-95.

[2]. Cytotoxicity and activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells treated with four GSK3 inhibitors.BMC Res Notes. 2014 Apr 29;7:273.

[3]. Pleiotropy of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition by CHIR99021 promotes self-renewal of embryonic stem cells from refractory mouse strains. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35892.

[4]. Regulation of Wnt signaling during adipogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 23;277(34):30998-1004.

[5]. Pharmacologically blocking p53-dependent apoptosis protects intestinal stem cells and mice from radiation. Sci Rep. 2015 Apr 10;5:8566.

CHIR 99021 is a member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively. It has a role as an EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor. It is a member of imidazoles, a dichlorobenzene, an aminopyrimidine, an aminopyridine, a cyanopyridine, a secondary amino compound and a diamine.

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Background: Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) improves the efficiency of embryonic stem (ES) cell derivation from various strains of mice and rats, as well as dramatically promotes ES cell self-renewal potential. β-catenin has been reported to be involved in the maintenance of self-renewal of ES cells through TCF dependent and independent pathway. But the intrinsic difference between ES cell lines from different species and strains has not been characterized. Here, we dissect the mechanism of GSK-3 inhibition by CHIR99021 in mouse ES cells from refractory mouse strains. Methodology/principal findings: We found that CHIR99021, a GSK-3 specific inhibitor, promotes self-renewal of ES cells from recalcitrant C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mouse strains through stabilization of β-catenin and c-Myc protein levels. Stabilized β-catenin promoted ES self-renewal through two mechanisms. First, β-catenin translocated into the nucleus to maintain stem cell pluripotency in a lymphoid-enhancing factor/T-cell factor-independent manner. Second, β-catenin binds plasma membrane-localized E-cadherin, which ensures a compact, spherical morphology, a hallmark of ES cells. Further, elevated c-Myc protein levels did not contribute significantly to CH-mediated ES cell self-renewal. Instead, the role of c-Myc is dependent on its transformation activity and can be replaced by N-Myc but not L-Myc. β-catenin and c-Myc have similar effects on ES cells derived from both B6 and BALB/c mice. Conclusions/significance: Our data demonstrated that GSK-3 inhibition by CH promotes self-renewal of mouse ES cells with non-permissive genetic backgrounds by regulation of multiple signaling pathways. These findings would be useful to improve the availability of normally non-permissive mouse strains as research tools.[3]

C22H18CL2N8

465.34

464.103

C, 56.78; H, 3.90; Cl, 15.24; N, 24.08

252917-06-9

252917-06-9;1782235-14-6 (3HCl);2109414-84-6 (2HCl);1797989-42-4 (HCl);

9956119

Off-white to light brown solid powder

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

784.1±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg

428.0±35.7 °C

0.0±2.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.700

3.98

115.2

3

7

7

32

645

0

ClC1C([H])=C(C([H])=C([H])C=1C1C(=C([H])N=C(N=1)N([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C(C#N)=C([H])N=1)C1=NC([H])=C(C([H])([H])[H])N1[H])Cl

AQGNHMOJWBZFQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C22H18Cl2N8/c1-13-10-29-21(31-13)17-12-30-22(32-20(17)16-4-3-15(23)8-18(16)24)27-7-6-26-19-5-2-14(9-25)11-28-19/h2-5,8,10-12H,6-7H2,1H3,(H,26,28)(H,29,31)(H,27,30,32)

6-[2-[[4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]ethylamino]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.47 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.47 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ~3.5 mg/mL (7 mM) in 4%DMSO+30%PEG 300+ddH2O, 澄清溶液
配方 4 中的溶解度: ~5 mg/mL (10.7 mM) in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water, 悬浮液
配方 5 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.1 mg/mL (4.5 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + + 45% Saline, 澄清溶液
例如，要配制1 mL工作液，可取100 μL 21 mg/mL DMSO储备液，加入tO+400 μL PEG300，混匀（澄清液）； 然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween 80，混匀（澄清溶液）； 最后，向上述溶液中加入450 μL生理盐水，混匀（澄清溶液）。
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a 澄清溶液。
配方 6 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.1 mg/mL (4.5 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn oil, 澄清溶液
例如，要配制1 mL工作液，可取100 μL 21 mg/mL DMSO储备液，加入900 μL玉米油中，混匀（澄清溶液）。

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配方 7 中的溶解度: 5 mg/mL (10.74 mM) in 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 悬浊液; 超声助溶。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 8 中的溶解度: 5 mg/mL (10.74 mM) in 20% SBE-β-CD adjusted to pH 4-4.5 with 1 N acetic (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶.

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。