GSK-3β (IC50 = 6.7 nM); GSK-3α (IC50 = 10 nM); cdc2 (IC50 = 8800 nM)

与其最接近的同源物 CDC2 和 ERK2 以及其他蛋白激酶相比，CHIR-99021 对 GSK-3 的选择性高出 500 倍以上。 CHIR-99021 仅对 23 种非激酶具有适度的抑制作用，并且与 22 种具有药理学意义的受体仅具有微弱的结合。在表达胰岛素受体的 CHO-IR 细胞中，CHIR-99021 会激活糖原合酶 (GS)，EC50 为 0.763 μM[1]。

在 2 型糖尿病啮齿动物模型中，口服 30 mg/kg CHIR-99021 可改善葡萄糖代谢。口服给药后三到四个小时，血浆葡萄糖最大程度降低（大约 150 mg/dl），血浆胰岛素水平保持在或低于控制水平。在 ZDF 大鼠中，在口服葡萄糖挑战前每小时口服 16 或 48 mg/kg 剂量的 CHIR-99021 可显着改善葡萄糖耐量，在 16 mg/kg 和 48 mg/kg 剂量下血浆葡萄糖水平分别下降 14% 和 33%分别为 mg/kg 剂量。较高剂量的 CHIR-99021 还可减轻口服葡萄糖激发前的高血糖[1]。

所有激酶测定都遵循相同的核心方案，肽底物和激活剂浓度变化如下所述。聚丙烯96孔板填充300μl/孔缓冲液（50 mmol/l三HCl、10 mmol/l MgCl2、1 mmol/l EGTA、1 mmol/1二硫苏糖醇、25 mmol/lβ-甘油磷酸、1 mmol/l NaF、0.01%BSA、pH 7.5），其中含有激酶、肽底物和任何激活剂。这些测定的激酶浓度、肽底物和激活剂（如适用）信息如下：GSK-3α（27 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素CREB肽）；GSK-3β（29 nmol/l，和0.5μmol/l生物素CREB肽）；cdc2（0.8 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素组蛋白H1肽）；erk2（400单位/ml和髓鞘碱性蛋白包被的闪光板[Perkin-Elmer]）；PKC-α（1.6 nmol/l，0.5μmol/l生物素组蛋白H1肽和0.1 mg/ml磷脂酰丝氨酸+0.01 mg/ml甘油二酯）；PKC-ζ（0.1 nmol/l，0.5μmol/l生物素-PKC-86肽和50μg/ml磷脂酰丝氨酸+5μg/ml二酰甘油）；akt1（5.55nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素磷酸化AKT肽）；p70 S6激酶（1.5 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素GGGKRRRLASLRA）；p90 RSK2（0.049单位/ml和0.5μmol/l生物素GGGKRRRLASLRA）；c-src（4.1单位/ml和0.5μmol/l生物素KVEKIGEGTYGVVYK）；Tie2（1μg/ml和200 nmol/l生物素GGGGAPEDL-YKDFLT）；flt1（1.8 nmol/l和0.25μmol/l KDRY1175[B91616]生物素GGGGQDGKDYIVLPI-NH2）；KDR（0.95 nmol/l和0.25μmol/l KDRY1175[B91616]生物素-GGGQDGKDYIVLPI-NH2）；bFGF受体酪氨酸激酶（RTK；2 nmol/l和0.25μmol/l KDRY1175[B91616]生物素-GGGGGQDGKDYIVLPI-NH2）；IGF1 RTK（1.91 nmol/l和1μmol/l生物素GGGGKKKSPGEYVNIEFG酰胺）；胰岛素RTK（使用DG44 IR细胞）；AMP激酶（470单位/ml、50μmol/l SAMS肽和300μmol/l AMP）；pdk1（0.25 nmol/l、2.9 nmol/l未活化的Akt和20μmol/l DOPC和DOPS+2μmol/l PIP3）；CHK1（1.4 nmol/l和0.5μmol/l生物素-cdc25肽）；CK1-ε（3 nmol/l，和0.2μmol/l生物素肽）；DNA PK；和磷脂酰肌醇（PI）3-激酶（5nmol/l和2μg/ml PI）。在所有无细胞测定中，将受试化合物或对照加入3.5μl DMSO中，然后加入50μl ATP储备，以产生1μmol/l ATP的最终浓度。孵育后，将一式三份的100μl等分试样转移到含有100μl/孔50μmol/l ATP和20 mmol/l EDTA的Combiplate八板（LabSystems，赫尔辛基，芬兰）中。1小时后，用PBS冲洗孔5次，填充200μl闪烁液，密封，静置30分钟，并在闪烁计数器中计数。所有步骤均在室温下进行。抑制计算为100%×（抑制−无酶对照）/（DMSO对照−无酶控制）。[1]

表达人胰岛素受体的 CHO-IR 细胞在含有 10% 胎牛血清且不含次黄嘌呤的 Hamm's F12 培养基中生长至 80% 汇合。在 2 ml 不含胎牛血清的培养基中，将胰蛋白酶处理的细胞以每孔 1×106 个细胞的密度接种到 6 孔板中。 24 小时后，将培养基更换为 1 ml 含有 GSK-3 抑制剂或对照（DMSO 最终浓度 <0.1%）的无血清培养基，37°C 培养 30 分钟。裂解细胞并离心 15 分钟。 4°C/14000g。使用 Thomas 等人开发的滤纸测定法，将 GS 活性比计算为存在和不存在 5 mmol/l 6-磷酸葡萄糖时 GS 活性之间的差异。

[1]. Diabetes. 2003 Mar;52(3):588-95. [2]. PLoS One.2013;8(3):e58501.

Insulin resistance plays a central role in the development of type 2 diabetes, but the precise defects in insulin action remain to be elucidated. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) can negatively regulate several aspects of insulin signaling, and elevated levels of GSK-3 have been reported in skeletal muscle from diabetic rodents and humans. A limited amount of information is available regarding the utility of highly selective inhibitors of GSK-3 for the modification of insulin action under conditions of insulin resistance. In the present investigation, we describe novel substituted aminopyrimidine derivatives that inhibit human GSK-3 potently (K(i) < 10 nmol/l) with at least 500-fold selectivity against 20 other protein kinases. These low molecular weight compounds activated glycogen synthase at approximately 100 nmol/l in cultured CHO cells transfected with the insulin receptor and in primary hepatocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats, and at 500 nmol/l in isolated type 1 skeletal muscle of both lean Zucker and ZDF rats. It is interesting that these GSK-3 inhibitors enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in type 1 skeletal muscle from the insulin-resistant ZDF rats but not from insulin-sensitive lean Zucker rats. Single oral or subcutaneous doses of the inhibitors (30-48 mg/kg) rapidly lowered blood glucose levels and improved glucose disposal after oral or intravenous glucose challenges in ZDF rats and db/db mice, without causing hypoglycemia or markedly elevating insulin. Collectively, our results suggest that these selective GSK-3 inhibitors may be useful as acute-acting therapeutics for the treatment of the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.[1]

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We have identified Wnt10b as a potent inhibitor of adipogenesis that must be suppressed for preadipocytes to differentiate in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that a specific inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3, CHIR 99021, mimics Wnt signaling in preadipocytes. CHIR 99021 stabilizes free cytosolic beta-catenin and inhibits adipogenesis by blocking induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Preadipocyte differentiation is inhibited when 3T3-L1 cells are exposed to CHIR 99021 for any 24 h period during the first 3 days of adipogenesis. Consistent with this time frame of inhibition, expression of Wnt10b mRNA is suppressed upon induction of differentiation, with a 50% decline by 6 h and complete inhibition by 36 h. Of the agents used to induce differentiation, exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to methyl-isobutylxanthine or cAMP is sufficient to suppress expression of Wnt10b mRNA. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt10b is likely mediated by Wnt receptors, Frizzled 1, 2, and/or 5, and co-receptors low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6. These receptors, like Wnt10b, are highly expressed in preadipocytes and stromal vascular cells. Finally, we demonstrate that disruption of extracellular Wnt signaling by expression of secreted Frizzled related proteins causes spontaneous adipocyte conversion.[2]

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Recent developments indicate that the regeneration of beta cell function and mass in patients with diabetes is possible. A regenerative approach may represent an alternative treatment option relative to current diabetes therapies that fail to provide optimal glycemic control. Here we report that the inactivation of GSK3 by small molecule inhibitors or RNA interference stimulates replication of INS-1E rat insulinoma cells. Specific and potent GSK3 inhibitors also alleviate the toxic effects of high concentrations of glucose and the saturated fatty acid palmitate on INS-1E cells. Furthermore, treatment of isolated rat islets with structurally diverse small molecule GSK3 inhibitors increases the rate beta cell replication by 2-3-fold relative to controls. We propose that GSK3 is a regulator of beta cell replication and survival. Moreover, our results suggest that specific inhibitors of GSK3 may have practical applications in beta cell regenerative therapies.[3]

C22H20CL4N8

538.26

538.053

C, 49.09; H, 3.75; Cl, 26.34; N, 20.82

2109414-84-6

252917-06-9;1782235-14-6 (3HCl);2109414-84-6 (2HCl);1797989-42-4 (HCl);

91826519

Solid powder

115

5

7

7

34

645

0

OOMHEMQQCHEWDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C22H18Cl2N8.2ClH/c1-13-10-29-21(31-13)17-12-30-22(32-20(17)16-4-3-15(23)8-18(16)24)27-7-6-26-19-5-2-14(9-25)11-28-19;;/h2-5,8,10-12H,6-7H2,1H3,(H,26,28)(H,29,31)(H,27,30,32);2*1H

6-((2-((4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)amino)nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride

2109414-84-6; UNII-X6BE5J2G31; Laduviglusib dihydrochloride; CHIR-99021 dihydrochloride; CHIR-911 dihydrochloride;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. > 10 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
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6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。