Tubulin; microtubule; microtubule depolymerization

多西他赛三水合物（RP-56976 三水合物）和葡磷酰胺 (GLU) 的单一和联合治疗均以剂量依赖性方式影响细胞活力。在 PC-3 和 LNCaP 细胞中，GLU 的 IC50 分别为 70±4 μM 和 86.8±8 μM。相反，在 PC-3 和 LNCaP 细胞中，单独使用多西他赛的 IC50 分别为 1.46±0.2 nM 和 3.08±0.4 nM。当GLU和多西紫杉醇共同治疗时，PC-3和LNCaP细胞中的IC50值分别降低至2.7±0.1 nM和0.75±0.3 nM [1]。 NCI-H460 针对西紫杉醇的半衰期在 72 小时后为 30 nM，在 24 小时后为 116 nM。根据 DTP 数据搜索的数据，在 NCI-60 细胞板上，多西紫杉醇的典型 IC50 为 14–34 nM [2]。

与 2-HALO 组相比，14 小时光照 (HALO) 组中多西他赛三水合物 (RP-56976 三水合物) 诱导的雌性小鼠肠细胞凋亡明显更高。接受多西他赛后，2-HALO组的Bax表达急剧增加，但14-HALO组则没有。相反，多西紫杉醇显着升高14-HALO组中裂解的Caspase-3的表达，但在2-HALO组中则没有。此外，多西紫杉醇显着降低了14-HALO组中生存素蛋白的表达，但在2-HALO组中没有显着降低。与用相同药物治疗的2-HALO组相比，用多西紫杉醇治疗的14-HALO组的生存素表达水平显着降低[3]。多西紫杉醇 (DOX) 以 7 mg/kg 的剂量静脉注射，而胡椒碱 (PIP) 以 3.5 mg/kg 的静脉推注剂量以及口服 35 mg/kg 和 3.5 mg/kg 的剂量给予。大鼠斯普拉格-戴利型。 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠同时口服 35 mg/kg PIP 和静脉推注 7 mg/kg 多西紫杉醇。当 PIP 和多西紫杉醇一起使用时，它们的体内暴露会协同增加 [4]。

体外微管蛋白聚合试验。[5] 如前所述制备微管蛋白。在含有1 mM GTP和1 mM 2-巯基乙醇的PEM缓冲液（pH 6.5、100 mM PIPES、2 mM EGTA和1 mM MgSO4）中，通过三个温度依赖性组装/拆卸循环分离猪脑微管蛋白。微管蛋白通过磷酸纤维素层析制备微管蛋白，并储存在-70°C下。在含有1mMGTP和5%甘油的PEM缓冲液（100 mM PIPES、1mMMgCl2和1mMEGTA）中，将微管蛋白与指定浓度的测试化合物（如多西他赛）混合。通过分光光度计在340nm处监测微管聚合。平台吸光度值用于计算[5]。

紫杉醇和多西他赛在非小细胞肺癌临床治疗中的广泛使用使得有必要找到生物标志物来识别可以从紫杉醇或多西他赛中受益的患者。在本研究中，将对紫杉醇和多西他赛具有不同敏感性的非小细胞肺癌细胞系NCI-H460应用于紫杉醇或多西他赛低剂量治疗不同时间点的DNA微阵列表达谱分析。并鉴定了调节药物反应的复杂信号通路，并对几种新的与敏感性相关的标记物进行了生物计算。反应基因的动态变化表明，紫杉醇的作用是急性的，但多西他赛的作用在NCI-H460细胞中至少持续48小时。对表达改变的基因进行功能注释表明，对这两种药物有反应的基因/途径存在显著差异。紫杉醇治疗诱导的基因表达变化主要富集在肌动蛋白细胞骨架（ACTC1、MYL2和MYH2）、酪氨酸蛋白激酶（ERRB4、KIT和TIE1）和局灶性粘附途径（MYL2、IGF1和FLT1）中，而对多西他赛反应的表达变化与细胞表面受体连接的信号转导（SHH、DRD5和ADM2）、细胞因子-细胞因子-受体相互作用（IL1A和IL6）和细胞周期调控（CCNB1、CCNE2和PCNA）高度相关。此外，我们还通过实时PCR证实了一些不同的表达模式。我们的研究将为紫杉醇和多西他赛选择疗法的临床应用提供潜在的生物标志物[2]。

Male mice were maintained under a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Intestinal damage after repeated dosing of docetaxel (20 mg/kg) for 3 weeks was more severe at 14 hours after light on (HALO) than at 2 HALO. The intestinal protein expressions of Wee1, phosphorylated CDK1, and cleaved Caspase-3 were higher in the 14-HALO group than in the 2-HALO group, whereas that of survivin was lower in the 14-HALO group. Thus, it is speculated that elevated Wee1 expression inhibited CDK1 activity more by phosphorylation, which in turn caused the lower expression of survivin and consequently more activated Caspase-3 in the 14-HALO group. There were no significant differences in plasma docetaxel concentrations between the 2- and 14-HALO groups. Bindings of CLOCK and BMAL1 to the E-box regions at the wee1 gene promoter were not altered by docetaxel treatment at 2 and 14 HALO. These findings suggest that Wee1 is directly or indirectly involved in the mechanism of the circadian rhythm-dependent changes in docetaxel-induced intestinal damage. However, the mechanism for a circadian rhythm-dependent change in intestinal Wee1 expression by docetaxel remains to be determined.[3]

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Piperine (PIP), the major alkaloid component from Piper longum L. and Piper nigrum L., could enhance the bioavailabilities of other drugs including rosuvastatin, peurarin and docetaxel (DOX) via inhibition of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein activity. Nevertheless, the effect of such drug combination usage on the in vivo exposure of PIP has not been investigated due to lack of assay for the simultaneous determination of PIP and other drugs such as DOX. Besides, the reported pharmacokinetics of PIP varied a lot without appropriate bioavailability determined from the same dose. In the current study, an LC/MS/MS method has been developed to simultaneously determine the plasma concentrations of PIP and DOX and further applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics properties of PIP after oral and intravenous administrations as well as the pharmacokinetics interactions between PIP and DOX after their co-administration. A simple protein precipitation method was employed for plasma sample treatment by adding a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) with glibenclamide as internal standard (IS). The LC/MS/MS system consisted of Agilent 6430 series LC pumps and auto-sampler. The chromatographic separation was carried out in 15min on a Waters C18 column (150×3.9mm i.d., 4μm) with a mobile phase containing 0.2% formic acid and acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4ml/min. The detection was performed using the positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with precursor-to-product ion transitions at m/z 286.1→201.1 for PIP, m/z 830.3→548.9 for DOX and m/z 494.2→369.0 for IS. The method demonstrated good linearity for both PIP and DOX over the concentration range of 2.5-1280ng/ml with LLOD at 2.5ng/ml. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 13.34% and relative error (R.E.) representing accuracy was in the range of -11.38 to 3.15%. The recoveries of PIP, DOX and IS were above 75% and there was no matrix effect. PIP and DOX exhibited good stabilities under various conditions. PIP was administrated via intravenous bolus at 3.5mg/kg and via oral administration at 35mg/kg and 3.5mg/kg, while DOX was intravenously administrated at 7mg/kg to Sprague-Daley rats. The plasma concentrations of PIP and DOX were determined using the above developed and validated method. At the dose of 3.5mg/kg, the bioavailability of PIP was calculated to be 25.36%. Its AUC0→t was unproportionally increased with doses, indicating a potential non-linear pharmacokinetics profile of PIP. It was found that the AUC0→t and C0 of DOX and t1/2 of PIP were significantly increased after their combination use, suggesting potential enhanced bioavailability of not only DOX but also PIP, which may lead to the overall enhanced pharmacological effects.[4]

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Dissolved in 50 mg/mL stock solution in ethanol by adding an equal volume of polysorbate 80 and diluting with 5% dextrose in water to the final volume; 33 mg/kg; i.v. injection

Human colon carcinomas xenografts CX-1

[1]. The chemomodulatory effects of glufosfamide on docetaxel cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells. PeerJ. 2016 Jun 29;4:e2168.
[2]. DNA microarray reveals different pathways responding to paclitaxel and docetaxel in non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013 Jul 15;6(8):1538-48.
[3]. Involvement of Wee1 in the circadian rhythm dependent intestinal damage induced by docetaxel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Oct;347(1):242-8.
[4]. Non-linear pharmacokinetics of piperine and its herb-drug interactions with docetaxel in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016 Sep 5;128:286-93.
[5]. X‑ray Crystal Structure-Guided Discovery of Novel Indole Analogues as Colchicine-Binding Site Tubulin Inhibitors with Immune- Potentiating and Antitumor Effects against Melanoma. J Med Chem . 2023 May 25;66(10):6697-6714.

Docetaxel trihydrate is the trihydrate form of docetaxel. It is used for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer, and with prednisone or prednisolone in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is a hydrate and a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It contains a member of docetaxel anhydrous.

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Docetaxel is a semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane derived from a compound found in the European yew tree, Taxus baccata. Docetaxel displays potent and broad antineoplastic properties; it binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell- cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. Docetaxel has been studied for use as a radiation-sensitizing agent. (NCI04)

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A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.

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Drug Indication
Breast cancer Taxespira in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide is indicated for the adjuvant treatment of patients with: operable node-positive breast cancer ; operable node-negative breast cancer . For patients with operable node-negative breast cancer , adjuvant treatment should be restricted to patients eligible to receive chemotherapy according to internationally established criteria for primary therapy of early breast cancer . Taxespira in combination with doxorubicin is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who have not previously received cytotoxic therapy for this condition. Taxespira monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of cytotoxic therapy. Previous chemotherapy should have included an anthracycline or an alkylating agent. Taxespira combination with trastuzumab is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer whose tumours over express HER2 and who previously have not received chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Taxespira in combination with capecitabine is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Previous therapy should have included an anthracycline. Non-small cell lung cancer Taxespira indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after failure of prior chemotherapy. Taxespira in combination with cisplatin is indicated for the treatment of patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer , in patients who have not previously received chemotherapy for this condition. Prostate cancer Taxespira in combination with prednisone or prednisolone is indicated for the treatment of patients with hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer . Gastric adenocarcinoma Taxespira in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma, including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Head and neck cancer Taxespira in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil is indicated for the induction treatment of patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

C43H53NO14.3H2O

861.93

861.378

C, 59.92; H, 6.90; N, 1.63; O, 31.55

148408-66-6

Docetaxel;114977-28-5;Docetaxel-d5 trihydrate

148123

White to off-white solid powder

1.37 g/cm3

1016.9ºC at 760 mmHg

186-192ºC

568.8ºC

0mmHg at 25°C

3.457

252.14

XCDIRYDKECHIPE-QHEQPUDQSA-N

InChI=1S/C43H53NO14.3H2O/c1-22-26(55-37(51)32(48)30(24-15-11-9-12-16-24)44-38(52)58-39(3,4)5)20-43(53)35(56-36(50)25-17-13-10-14-18-25)33-41(8,34(49)31(47)29(22)40(43,6)7)27(46)19-28-42(33,21-54-28)57-23(2)45;;;/h9-18,26-28,30-33,35,46-48,53H,19-21H2,1-8H3,(H,44,52);3*1H2/t26-,27-,28+,30-,31+,32+,33-,35-,41+,42-,43+;;;/m0.../s1

[(1S,2S,3R,4S,7R,9S,10S,12R,15S)-4-acetyloxy-1,9,12-trihydroxy-15-[(2R,3S)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]oxy-10,14,17,17-tetramethyl-11-oxo-6-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.03,10.04,7]heptadec-13-en-2-yl] benzoate;trihydrate

RP56976 (NSC 628503) Trihydrate; RP56976; NSC 628503; RP-56976; NSC628503; RP 56976; Docetaxel hydrate; XRP6976; Docetaxel (Trihydrate); Docetaxel (as trihydrate); RP 56976; CHEBI:59809; NSC-628503; Docetaxel trihydrate, Trade name: Taxotere.

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.90 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清 EtOH 储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；再向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；然后加入450 μL 生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.90 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% EtOH + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清乙醇储备液加入 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.90 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 澄清乙醇储备液添加到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (2.41 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清的DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中，混匀；再向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；然后加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 5 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (2.41 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100μL 20.8mg/mL澄清的DMSO储备液加入到900μL 20％SBE-β-CD生理盐水中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 6 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (2.41 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
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