| 规格 | 价格 | 库存 | 数量 |
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| 50mg |
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| 靶点 |
Fexaramine (5, 25, and 50 μM) was used to treat bile acids to HuTu -80 cells for a duration of 24 hours. Assay values of the small heterodimer fraction (SHP) are increased by 2.1 times when fexaramine (50 μM) is added. Endogenous protein levels were dramatically decreased (33% drop in 50 μM Fexaramine) when cells were treated with varying doses of Fexaramine. Treatment with fexaramine nonetheless markedly reduced secretin promoter activity by 32% [1].
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|---|---|
| 体外研究 (In Vitro) |
Fexaramine(5、25 和 50 μM)用于处理 HuTu -80 细胞的胆汁酸,持续时间为 24 小时。添加 fexaramine (50 μM) 后,小异二聚体组分 (SHP) 的测定值增加 2.1 倍。当细胞用不同剂量的 Fexaramine 处理时,内源蛋白水平显着降低(50 μM Fexaramine 下降 33%)。尽管如此,fexaramine 治疗仍显着降低了促胰液素启动子活性 32% [1]。
在基于FRET的共激活子结合实验中,Fexaramine 能诱导类固醇受体共激活子SRC-1肽段与FXR配体结合域(LBD)的结合,EC50为255 nM。该活性与合成激动剂GW4064(EC50 = 100 nM)相当。[2] 在CV-1细胞的瞬时转染实验中,当共转染FXR、RXR和含有多个FXR反应元件(FXRE)拷贝的报告基因时,Fexaramine(1 nM 至 1 µM)能以剂量依赖方式有效激活FXR:在ECRE元件上诱导100倍(1 µM时),在ER-8元件上诱导4倍(1 µM时)。[2] Fexaramine 在瞬时转染实验中也能够激活已知FXR靶基因的生理启动子。在1 µM浓度下,它诱导人回肠胆汁酸结合蛋白(I-BABP)启动子表达28倍,人磷脂转移蛋白(PLTP)启动子表达2-3倍,大鼠多药耐药相关蛋白2(MRP-2)启动子表达2-3倍。[2] 在使用嵌合核激素受体(NHR)构建体(GAL4 DBD融合各种NHR LBD)的交叉反应性研究中,Fexaramine(10 µM)对FXR显示出高选择性,且不激活其他NHR,包括RXRα、PPARα/γ/δ、PXR、LXRα、TRβ、RARβ、CAR、ERRγ或VDR。[2] 在稳定表达全长FXR的HT29人结肠癌细胞(HT29-FXRFL)中,用Fexaramine(1 nM 至 10 µM)处理能以剂量依赖方式诱导内源性I-BABP基因的表达,效果与GW4064相似。在缺乏功能性FXR的对照细胞系中未观察到诱导。[2] 在稳定表达FXR的HEPG2人肝癌细胞(HEPG2-FXR)中,用Fexaramine(10 nM 至 10 µM)处理可诱导内源性FXR靶基因(包括SHP、PLTP、BSEP和MRP-2)的表达,通过Northern blot检测。其诱导谱和效力与GW4064相当。[2] 用Fexaramine(10 µM)处理原代人肝细胞的基因表达谱分析显示,其基因组特征与天然胆汁酸CDCA(100 µM)或合成激动剂GW4064(10 µM)处理不同,表明配体对全局基因调控具有特异性影响。一部分基因受所有三种FXR激动剂的共同调控。[2] 解析了人FXR配体结合域与Fexaramine 复合物的高分辨率(1.78 Å)晶体结构。结构显示,Fexaramine 被包裹在一个726 ų的疏水腔中,与受体形成广泛的范德华接触和特定的氢键(涉及His298和Ser336),为其高亲和力和作用机制提供了结构基础。[2] |
| 体内研究 (In Vivo) |
使用 fexaramine 治疗的 DIO 小鼠产生了显着的代谢特征,包括炎症减轻、胰岛素肥胖增强、体重增加减少以及白色脂肪组织褐变 [3]。
在饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠中,长期口服Fexaramine(100毫克/公斤/天,持续5周)与溶剂对照组相比,显著减少了体重增加和脂肪量(皮下和内脏)。[3] Fexaramine治疗改善了DIO小鼠的代谢指标,包括降低血清葡萄糖、胰岛素、瘦素、胆固醇和抵抗素水平。[3] Fexaramine治疗降低了DIO小鼠血清中炎性细胞因子的水平。[3] Fexaramine治疗增强了DIO小鼠的葡萄糖耐受性和胰岛素敏感性,但对普通饲料喂养的小鼠无影响。[3] Fexaramine增加了DIO小鼠的能量消耗,表现为更高的耗氧量、二氧化碳产量、核心体温以及减少的棕色脂肪组织脂质积聚。[3] Fexaramine诱导了白色脂肪组织的褐变,表现为腹股沟白色脂肪组织中多房性、表达Ucp1的脂肪细胞增多,棕色脂肪样特征基因表达增加,以及腹股沟脂肪组织基质血管部分的呼吸能力增强。[3] Fexaramine改善了DIO小鼠的肝脏胰岛素敏感性,表现为高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹实验中胰岛素介导的肝葡萄糖产生抑制显著增强。[3] Fexaramine改善了DIO小鼠的肝脏脂肪变性,表现为肝脏脂滴减少、肝脏甘油三酯含量降低以及肝脏糖异生和脂肪生成基因表达下调。[3] Fexaramine诱导的代谢改善在FXR敲除小鼠中被消除,证实了其FXR依赖性。[3] Fexaramine诱导了回肠中肠道激素Fgf15的表达并增加了循环中的Fgf15水平。[3] Fexaramine改变了胆汁酸组成,减少了胆汁酸池大小,降低了牛磺胆酸比例,增加了石胆酸比例,同时抑制了肝脏Cyp7a1表达并增加了Cyp7b1表达。[3] Fexaramine降低了肠道通透性并增加了粘膜防御基因的表达。[3] Fexaramine不激活G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体Tgr5。在Gpbar1敲除小鼠中,部分代谢改善作用减弱,表明Tgr5通路参与了某些效应。[3] |
| 酶活实验 |
使用基于FRET的共激活子结合实验来测量激动剂诱导的FXR与其共激活子之间的相互作用。该实验使用了铕标记的GST-FXR-LBD融合蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白标记的含有共激活子SRC-1受体结合域(LXXLL基序)的肽段。将递增浓度的测试化合物加入到含有标记蛋白的反应混合物中。激动剂诱导的受体与肽段之间的接近增加了FRET信号,通过测量665 nm与615 nm处的发射比来量化。根据剂量反应曲线确定共激活子募集的EC50。[2]
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| 细胞实验 |
瞬时转染报告基因实验: 将CV-1细胞接种于48孔板中,生长至60-70%汇合度。使用基于脂质的转染试剂共转染小鼠FXR和人RXRα的表达质粒、含有FXR反应元件(FXRE)或天然启动子(如I-BABP、PLTP、MRP-2)的荧光素酶报告质粒以及用于归一化的对照质粒(如pCMX-LacZ)。24小时后更换培养基,并用溶解于DMSO中的递增浓度测试化合物处理细胞。转染后36-48小时收集细胞。测量荧光素酶活性,并归一化至对照质粒的β-半乳糖苷酶活性。[2]
稳定细胞系基因诱导实验: 通过逆转录病毒转导和筛选,建立了稳定表达FXR(或对照构建体)的HT29结肠癌细胞或HEPG2肝癌细胞。对于诱导实验,细胞在用活性炭剥离血清的培养基中培养至汇合,处理前24小时更换为含药培养基。然后用指定浓度的化合物(如Fexaramine、GW4064、CDCA)或载体(DMSO)处理24-48小时。使用酚-氯仿类试剂分离总RNA。对于Northern印迹分析,每个样品取20 µg总RNA在变性琼脂糖-甲醛凝胶上电泳,转移至尼龙膜并UV交联。制备针对靶基因(如I-BABP、SHP、PLTP、BSEP、MRP-2)和上样对照(如β-actin、36B4)的放射性标记cDNA探针并与膜杂交。通过放射自显影观察基因表达水平,并使用磷屏成像仪进行定量。[2] 嵌合NHR选择性实验: 将CV-1细胞瞬时转染一种嵌合表达质粒,其中酵母GAL4 DNA结合域与各种核受体(FXR、RXRα、PPARs等)的配体结合域融合。共转染一个含有最小胸苷激酶启动子、上游有四个GAL4结合位点和荧光素酶基因的报告质粒。转染后,用DMSO或10 µM测试化合物处理细胞。测量荧光素酶活性并归一化至内参(如β-半乳糖苷酶),数据以相对于未处理细胞的激活倍数表示。[2] |
| 动物实验 |
For chronic treatment in DIO mice: Wild-type male C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) starting at 6 weeks of age for 14 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, mice were treated daily by oral gavage with Fexaramine (50 or 100 mg per kg body weight) or vehicle (corn oil) for 5 weeks while maintained on the HFD. [3]
For acute target gene induction: Mice were treated daily by oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection with Fexaramine (100 mg/kg) or vehicle for 3-5 days, and tissues were collected 1 hour after the final dose for gene expression analysis. [3] For hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies: DIO mice (12 weeks HFD) were gavaged daily with Fexaramine (100 mg/kg) or vehicle for 3 weeks prior to the clamp procedure. Dual catheters were implanted in the jugular vein, and after recovery and fasting, a constant infusion of D-[3-3H] glucose was initiated. Following tracer equilibration, insulin and variable glucose infusions were started to maintain euglycemia, and blood samples were collected to calculate hepatic glucose production and glucose disposal rate. [3] For metabolic phenotyping: Mice were placed in a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS) to measure CO2 production, O2 consumption, respiratory quotient, and ambulatory counts over consecutive days. [3] For intestinal permeability assessment: Mice were orally administered fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and serum fluorescence was measured after a specified time to assess leakage. [3] |
| 药代性质 (ADME/PK) |
After oral administration (100 mg/kg), Fexaramine showed minimal systemic absorption. Serum drug levels were an order of magnitude lower following oral treatment compared to intraperitoneal injection. [3]
Serum levels of Fexaramine after oral administration were below its 25 nM half-maximum effective concentration (EC50), consistent with its intestinally restricted action and lack of target gene activation in liver and kidney. [3] The paper does not provide detailed pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, oral bioavailability, clearance, or volume of distribution for Fexaramine. [3] |
| 毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK) |
Chronic oral treatment with Fexaramine (100 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks) in DIO mice showed no signs of intestinal toxicity. [3]
Fexaramine treatment decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in DIO mice, indicating reduced liver damage. [3] |
| 参考文献 |
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| 其他信息 |
Fexaramine is a member of biphenyls.
Fexaramine is a synthetic, non-steroidal, high-affinity agonist of the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), discovered through the screening and optimization of a combinatorial benzopyran-based chemical library. Its chemical structure is distinct from both natural bile acid ligands (e.g., CDCA) and other synthetic FXR agonists (e.g., GW4064). [2] The primary role of FXR is to function as a bile acid sensor, coordinating cholesterol metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and dietary fat/vitamin absorption. Fexaramine serves as a valuable chemical tool to dissect FXR-specific pathways, separate from the broader biological effects of natural bile acids which can act through multiple receptors and signaling mechanisms. [2] The high-resolution crystal structure of FXR bound to Fexaramine provided critical insights into the architecture of the FXR ligand-binding pocket and served as a template for modeling the binding of natural bile acids, explaining structure-activity relationships for different bile acid derivatives. [2] Gene expression profiling demonstrated that different classes of FXR agonists (Fexaramine, GW4064, CDCA) can produce distinct transcriptional profiles, suggesting potential ligand-specific effects and highlighting the utility of specific synthetic probes like Fexaramine for studying the FXR genetic network. [2] |
| 分子式 |
C32H36N2O3
|
|---|---|
| 分子量 |
496.6398
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| 精确质量 |
496.273
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| CAS号 |
574013-66-4
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| PubChem CID |
5326713
|
| 外观&性状 |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| 密度 |
1.158g/cm3
|
| 沸点 |
677.7ºC at 760 mmHg
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| 闪点 |
363.7ºC
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| 折射率 |
1.626
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| LogP |
6.719
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| tPSA |
49.85
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| 氢键供体(HBD)数目 |
0
|
| 氢键受体(HBA)数目 |
4
|
| 可旋转键数目(RBC) |
9
|
| 重原子数目 |
37
|
| 分子复杂度/Complexity |
743
|
| 定义原子立体中心数目 |
0
|
| SMILES |
CN(C)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)CN(C3=CC=CC(=C3)/C=C/C(=O)OC)C(=O)C4CCCCC4
|
| InChi Key |
VLQTUNDJHLEFEQ-KGENOOAVSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C32H36N2O3/c1-33(2)29-19-17-27(18-20-29)26-15-12-25(13-16-26)23-34(32(36)28-9-5-4-6-10-28)30-11-7-8-24(22-30)14-21-31(35)37-3/h7-8,11-22,28H,4-6,9-10,23H2,1-3H3/b21-14+
|
| 化学名 |
methyl (E)-3-(3-(N-((4'-(dimethylamino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamido)phenyl)acrylate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| 存储方式 |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| 运输条件 |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| 溶解度 (体外实验) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~100.68 mM)
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|---|---|
| 溶解度 (体内实验) |
配方 1 中的溶解度: 2.75 mg/mL (5.54 mM) in 5% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 50% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 悬浮液;超声助溶。
*生理盐水的制备:将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中,得到澄清溶液。 配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.03 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。 例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中,混匀;然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80,混匀;加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。 *生理盐水的制备:将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中,得到澄清溶液。 View More
配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.03 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。 1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如:用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液)); 2、取适量母液,按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂,澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明,并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方): 10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline); 假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀/澄清;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀/澄清;然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL; 3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例; 4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出,可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶; 5、为保证最佳实验结果,工作液请现配现用! 6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液,请查看说明书或联系我们; 7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。 |
| 制备储备液 | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.0135 mL | 10.0677 mL | 20.1353 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4027 mL | 2.0135 mL | 4.0271 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2014 mL | 1.0068 mL | 2.0135 mL |
1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液):对于大多数产品,InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如:5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度),个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;
2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息,或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中,请联系我们;
3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算(摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等);
4、母液配好之后,将其分装到常规用量,并储存在-20°C或-80°C,尽量减少反复冻融循环。
计算结果:
工作液浓度: mg/mL;
DMSO母液配制方法: mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液(母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度,请首先与我们联系。
体内配方配制方法:取 μL DMSO母液,加入 μL PEG300,混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80,混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O,混匀澄清。
(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后,再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶;
(2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。