In Vitro | In vitro activity: FG-4592 is an oral inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase currently in clinical development for the treatment of anemia. FG-4592 stabilizes the activities of HIF, a cytosolic transcription factor, leading to activation of the genes associated with erythropoiesis, including erythropoietin and enzymes involved in iron metabolism. Kinase Assay: FG-4592 (also known as ASP1517 and Roxadustat) is a novel, oral and potent small molecule inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH), an enzyme up-regulating the expression of endogenous human erythropoietin (Epo). Roxadustat induces EPO production and stimulates erythropoiesis. Cell Assay: FG-4592 showed significant protection effect against the TBHP-induced cell death. Cell line used: PC-12 cells. The left eye of each rat is retro-orbitally injected with 25 mg/kg FG-4592 every 2 days, and an equal volume of 20% DMSO diluted with 0.9% NaCl is administrated with retro-orbital injection and served as the control. The retinae (attached, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after RD) are homogenized and lysed with buffer containing 50 mM hydroxymethyl(Tris)-aminomethane(HCl), 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, and a protease inhibitor tablet. Samples are run on 8% to 12% 2-hydroxyethyl (Bis)-hydroxymethyl (Tris) gel electrophoresis and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (0.2-mm pores). After blocking with 3% nonfat dried milk, the membranes are incubated overnight with primary antibody HIF-1α, LC3, BNIP3, autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), and β-actin. The blotted membranes are then incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody. Immunoreactive bands are visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) and detected with an Amersham Imager 600. A minimum of three rats are used for each condition. |