Atropine free base

别名: 阿托品;(8-甲基-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛-3-基) 3-羟基-2-苯基-丙酸酯;颠茄碱;龙葵碱; 茄苷;茄碱;茄灵;顛茄鹼;莨菪碱;曼陀羅鹼;托品鹼;(8-甲基-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛-3-基) ENDO-(+/-)-ALPHA-(羟甲基)苯乙酸酯;阿托品 EP标准品;阿托品 标准品;阿托品(含颠茄硷)杂质;阿托品峰鉴别 EP标准品;阿托品,颠茄碱;颠茄碱 标准品; (8-甲基-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛-3-基) endo-(+/-)-α-(羟甲基)苯乙酸酯
目录号: V11873 纯度: ≥98%
阿托品(标准品)是阿托品的分析标准品。
Atropine free base CAS号: 51-55-8
产品类别: New1
产品仅用于科学研究,不针对患者销售
规格 价格 库存 数量
100mg
250mg
500mg
Other Sizes

Other Forms of Atropine free base:

  • 硫酸阿托品
  • 硫酸阿托品
  • (Rac)-Atropine-d3 ((Rac)-Tropine tropate-d3; (Rac)-Hyoscyamine-d3)
  • 阿托品氢溴酸盐
点击了解更多
InvivoChem产品被CNS等顶刊论文引用
产品描述
阿托品(标准品)是阿托品的分析标准品。该产品适用于研究和分析应用。 Atropine (Tropine tropate) 是一种竞争性毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体 (mAChR) 拮抗剂(抑制剂),对人 mAChR M4 和鸡 mAChR M4 的 IC50 值分别为 0.39 nM 和 0.71 nM。阿托品抑制乙酰胆碱引起的人肺静脉舒张。阿托品可用于抗近视和心动过缓研究。
生物活性&实验参考方法
体外研究 (In Vitro)
阿托品(托品;1 μM;肺静脉和动脉)可抑制乙酰胆碱引起的人体肺静脉扩张[4]。
体内研究 (In Vivo)
阿托品(托品;10 mg/kg;腹腔注射;40 分钟以上一次;Peromyscus sp.)通常发生在麻木期,可抑制心律失常[2]。
动物实验
Animal/Disease Models: White-footed mice (Peromyscus sp.) [2]
Doses: 10 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; once, lasting 40 minutes.
Experimental Results: increased heart rate and diminished arrhythmia.
药代性质 (ADME/PK)
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Hyoscyamine is completely absorbed by sublingual and oral routes, though exact data regarding the Cmax, Tmax, and AUC are not readily available.
The majority of hyoscyamine is eliminated in the urine as the unmetabolized parent compound.
Metabolism / Metabolites
Hyoscyamine is largely unmetabolized, however a small amount is hydrolyzed into tropine and tropic acid.
Biological Half-Life
The half life of hyoscyamine is 3.5 hours.
毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK)
Hepatotoxicity
Despite widespread use over many decades, hyoscyamine has not been linked to episodes of liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury. A major reason for its safety may relate to the low daily dose and limited duration of use.
References on the safety and potential hepatotoxicity of anticholinergics are given together after the Overview section on Anticholinergic Agents.
Drug Class: Gastrointestinal Agents; Anticholinergic Agents
参考文献

[1]. How does atropine exert its anti-myopia effects? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2013 May;33(3):373-8.

[2]. Morhardt JE. Heart rates, breathing rates and the effects of atropine and acetylcholine on white-footed mice (Peromyscus sp.) during daily torpor. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1970 Mar 15;33(2):441-57.

[3]. Myopia-Inhibiting Concentrations of Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists Block Activation of Alpha2A-Adrenoceptors In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 Jun 1;59(7):2778-2791.

[4]. Evidence for a M(1) muscarinic receptor on the endothelium of human pulmonary veins. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 May;130(1):73-8.

其他信息
Pharmacodynamics
Hyoscyamine is not FDA approved, and so it has not official indications. However, it is used as an antimuscarinic agent in a number of treatments and therapies. Hyoscyamine has a short duration of action as it may need to be given multiple times per day. Patients should be counselled regarding the risks and signs of anticholinergic toxicity.
*注: 文献方法仅供参考, InvivoChem并未独立验证这些方法的准确性
化学信息 & 存储运输条件
分子式
C17H23NO3
分子量
289.3694
精确质量
289.167
CAS号
51-55-8
相关CAS号
Atropine sulfate monohydrate;5908-99-6;Atropine sulfate;55-48-1;(Rac)-Atropine-d3;1276197-36-4;Atropine hydrobromide;6415-90-3
PubChem CID
174174
外观&性状
White to off-white solid powder
密度
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
沸点
429.8±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
熔点
115-118 °C
闪点
213.7±28.7 °C
蒸汽压
0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
折射率
1.581
LogP
1.53
tPSA
49.77
氢键供体(HBD)数目
1
氢键受体(HBA)数目
4
可旋转键数目(RBC)
5
重原子数目
21
分子复杂度/Complexity
353
定义原子立体中心数目
2
SMILES
CN1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3
InChi Key
RKUNBYITZUJHSG-PJPHBNEVSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15?,16?
化学名
[(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
存储方式

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意: 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中(例如氮气保护),避免吸湿/受潮。
运输条件
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
溶解度数据
溶解度 (体外实验)
DMSO : ≥ 96.6 mg/mL (~333.83 mM)
H2O : ~2.9 mg/mL (~10.02 mM)
溶解度 (体内实验)
配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.19 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入400 μL PEG300中,混匀;然后向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80,混匀;加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备:将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中,得到澄清溶液。

配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.19 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中,混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备(4°C,1 周):将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中,得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.19 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加,逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如,若需制备1 mL的工作液,可将 100 μL 20.8 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入到 900 μL 玉米油中并混合均匀。


请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案:
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如:用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液,按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂,澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明,并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀/澄清;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀/澄清;然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL;

3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出,可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果,工作液请现配现用!
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液,请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。
制备储备液 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 3.4558 mL 17.2789 mL 34.5578 mL
5 mM 0.6912 mL 3.4558 mL 6.9116 mL
10 mM 0.3456 mL 1.7279 mL 3.4558 mL

1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液):对于大多数产品,InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如:5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度),个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;

2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息,或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中,请联系我们;

3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算(摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等);

4、母液配好之后,将其分装到常规用量,并储存在-20°C或-80°C,尽量减少反复冻融循环。

计算器

摩尔浓度计算器可计算特定溶液所需的质量、体积/浓度,具体如下:

  • 计算制备已知体积和浓度的溶液所需的化合物的质量
  • 计算将已知质量的化合物溶解到所需浓度所需的溶液体积
  • 计算特定体积中已知质量的化合物产生的溶液的浓度
使用摩尔浓度计算器计算摩尔浓度的示例如下所示:
假如化合物的分子量为350.26 g/mol,在5mL DMSO中制备10mM储备液所需的化合物的质量是多少?
  • 在分子量(MW)框中输入350.26
  • 在“浓度”框中输入10,然后选择正确的单位(mM)
  • 在“体积”框中输入5,然后选择正确的单位(mL)
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案17.513 mg出现在“质量”框中。以类似的方式,您可以计算体积和浓度。

稀释计算器可计算如何稀释已知浓度的储备液。例如,可以输入C1、C2和V2来计算V1,具体如下:

制备25毫升25μM溶液需要多少体积的10 mM储备溶液?
使用方程式C1V1=C2V2,其中C1=10mM,C2=25μM,V2=25 ml,V1未知:
  • 在C1框中输入10,然后选择正确的单位(mM)
  • 在C2框中输入25,然后选择正确的单位(μM)
  • 在V2框中输入25,然后选择正确的单位(mL)
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案62.5μL(0.1 ml)出现在V1框中
g/mol

分子量计算器可计算化合物的分子量 (摩尔质量)和元素组成,具体如下:

注:化学分子式大小写敏感:C12H18N3O4  c12h18n3o4
计算化合物摩尔质量(分子量)的说明:
  • 要计算化合物的分子量 (摩尔质量),请输入化学/分子式,然后单击“计算”按钮。
分子质量、分子量、摩尔质量和摩尔量的定义:
  • 分子质量(或分子量)是一种物质的一个分子的质量,用统一的原子质量单位(u)表示。(1u等于碳-12中一个原子质量的1/12)
  • 摩尔质量(摩尔重量)是一摩尔物质的质量,以g/mol表示。
/

配液计算器可计算将特定质量的产品配成特定浓度所需的溶剂体积 (配液体积)

  • 输入试剂的质量、所需的配液浓度以及正确的单位
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案显示在体积框中
动物体内实验配方计算器(澄清溶液)
第一步:请输入基本实验信息(考虑到实验过程中的损耗,建议多配一只动物的药量)
第二步:请输入动物体内配方组成(配方适用于不溶/难溶于水的化合物),不同的产品和批次配方组成不同,如对配方有疑问,可先联系我们提供正确的体内实验配方。此外,请注意这只是一个配方计算器,而不是特定产品的确切配方。
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+
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计算结果:

工作液浓度 mg/mL;

DMSO母液配制方法 mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液(母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度,请首先与我们联系。

体内配方配制方法μL DMSO母液,加入 μL PEG300,混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80,混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O,混匀澄清。

(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后,再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶;
            (2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。

临床试验信息
Combination Effect of Optical Defocus and Low Dose Atropine in Myopia Control
CTID: NCT06358755
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-11-21
Study of Atropine Sulfate Eye Drops(0.01%) in Treating Near-work-induced Transient Myopia in Children
CTID: NCT06697522
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-11-20
Myopia Control: a Comparison Study Between Atropine and MiSight
CTID: NCT05815784
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-11-19
Low-dose Atropine for the Prevention of Myopia Progression in Danish Children
CTID: NCT03911271
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-11-18
Orthokeratology and 0.01% Atropine Sequential Treatment for Myopia Control
CTID: NCT06667037
Phase: N/A    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-10-31
View More

Topical Application of Low-concentration (0.01%) Atropine on the Human Eye With Fast and Slow Myopia Progression Rate
CTID: NCT03374306
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-16


Outcome of Moderate Severity in OPC Poisoning Patients When Treated With Pralidoxime
CTID: NCT06111352
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-09
Sugammadex and Time to Extubation in Ophthalmic Surgery
CTID: NCT06632067
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-08
Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Sugammadex (MK-8616) for Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade in Pediatric Participants Aged Birth to <2 Years (MK-8616-169)
CTID: NCT03909165
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-09-26
A Study of SHJ002 Sterile Ophthalmic Solution for Myopia Control
CTID: NCT06579287
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-08-30
Role of Neural and Hormonal Regulation Factors on Insulin Secretion After Gastric Bypass Surgery
CTID: NCT00992901
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-08-28
The Effects of Bariatric Surgeries on Glucose Metabolism
CTID: NCT02823665
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-08-28
Optimization of Procedural Sedation Protocol Used for Dental Care Delivery in People With Mental Disability
CTID: NCT02078336
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-07-16
Safety and Tolerability Evaluation of PRO-230 Ophthalmic Solution
CTID: NCT05481489
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2024-07-01
Sugammadex and Neostigmine in Pediatric Patients
CTID: NCT05618236
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-05-29
A-eyedrops on Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision
CTID: NCT05379855
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-04-17
Atropine-effect During Propofol/Remifentanil Induction
CTID: NCT01871922
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-04-17
Stellest Lenses and Low-concentration Atropine Myopia Control Among Children
CTID: NCT06344429
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-04-04
Dexmedetomidine Infusion Dose Versus Rapid Bolus Dose Before Tracheal Intubation.
CTID: NCT06327399
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-03-25
Low Dose Atropine Eye Drops in Myopic Egyptian Children
CTID: NCT06265454
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-02-20
Comparing the Efficiency of Two Approaches in Patients at Risk of Developing Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome
CTID: NCT06266962
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-02-20
Early Intervention for Premyopic Children
CTID: NCT06200194
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-01-19
A Phase III Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Two Low-concentration Atropine Sulfate Eye Drops
CTID: NCT06209281
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-01-17
A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Two Low-concentration Atropine Sulfate Eye Drops
CTID: NCT06209320
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-01-17
Defecation Patterns in Constipated Patients
CTID: NCT04903470
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-01-10
Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Ophtalmic Solution PRO-201
CTID: NCT05470881
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-12-06
the Efficacy of 0.01% Atropine for Near Work-induced Transient Myopia and Myopic Progression
CTID: NCT06034366
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-11-29
Pharmacokinetics of Atropine Oral Gel
CTID: NCT05164367
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2023-11-22
Electronic Spectacles Versus Low Dose Atropine in Young Myopes
CTID: NCT06034379
Phase: N/A    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2023-09-21
Low-dose Atropine Eye Drops to Reduce Progression of Myopia in Children in the United Kingdom
CTID: NCT03690089
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2023-09-07
Low-Dose Atropine for Treatment of Myopia
CTID: NCT03334253
Phase: Phase 3 Stat
A Phase 4 Double-blinded, Randomized, Active Comparator-controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Sugammadex (MK-8616) for Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade in Pediatric Participants Aged Birth to <2 Years
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-08-05
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked, Vehicle-Controlled Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of SYD-101 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Myopia in Children
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Trial now transitioned
Date: 2019-08-02
CHAMP: A 3-Arm Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Study of NVK-002 in Children with Myopia
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Completed
Date: 2019-07-10
A non-randomized experimental study to optically study pharmacodynamic responses in the delivery of vasoactive substances to the skin through iontophoresis in healthy volunteers
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2019-03-13
A Phase 4 Double-Blinded, Randomized, Active Comparator-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Sugammadex (MK-8616) for Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade in Pediatric Participants
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-02-01
Efficacy and Mechanisms of Low Dose Atropine in the Control of Myopia in Children
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-10-30
Low-dose atropine eye drops to reduce progression of myopia in children: a multi-centre placebo controlled randomised trial in the United Kingdom (CHAMP UK)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2018-10-09
A Prospective Multicenter Phase III Clinical Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Lumason™/SonoVue® in Subjects Undergoing Pharmacologic Stress Echocardiography with Dobutamine for the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-01-29
Randomized, parallel group, controlled trial to compare two different “NMB + reversal” strategies in adult obese patients underwent laparoscopic abdominal surgery (Phase 4; Protocol No. MK-8616-104-00)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2015-01-12
Evaluation of muscle function recovery after deep neuromuscular blockade by acceleromyography of the adductor pollicis or diaphragmatic echography: comparison between sugammadex and neostigmine
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2014-11-26
IS THE ABSENCE OF PAN-COLONIC PRESSURIZATIONS A RELEVANT PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM IN A SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC IDIOPHATIC CONSTIPATION?
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-07-16
Evaluation of the effects of the addition of atropine during propofol/remifentanil induction of anesthesia on hemodynamics, microvascular blood flow and tissue oxygenenation in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2012-09-13
A randomized, controlled, parallel-group, double-blind trial of sugammadex or usual care (neostigmine or spontaneous recovery) for reversal of rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients receiving thromboprophylaxis and undergoing hip fracture surgery or joint (hip/knee) replacement. (Protocol No. P07038)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2011-11-07
Efficacy and safety of reversal with Sugammadex (BRIDION®) from deep Neuromuscular Blockade induced by rocuronium in children
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2011-08-09
A multi-center, randomized, parallel-group, comparative, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded trial in adult subjects comparing the efficacy and safety of sugammadex administered at 1-2 PTC with neostigmine administered at reappearance of T2 in subjects undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or appendectomy under propofol anesthesia
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-05-05
A multi-center, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, safety-assessor blinded trial, comparing the efficacy and safety of 2.0 mg.kg-1 sugammadex with 50 μg.kg-1 neostigmine administered at reappearance of T2 after rocuronium in Chinese and European ASA I-III subjects undergoing elective surgery under propofol anesthesia
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-03-19
Braking effect on myopia with atropine eye drops at 0.01%.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing
Date:
PRETTINEO
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date:
Evaluation of the neonatal autonomic stress during intubations under Propofol in a population of premature infants under 33 w’GA
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date:
A phase III, randomized, double-masked, placebo controlled,
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Trial now transitioned, Ongoing
Date:

生物数据图片
  • Effects of atropine (1 μM; n=5) and pirenzepine (0.5 μM; n=5 or 1 μM; n=7) on the ACh-induced relaxation of human isolated pulmonary venous preparations. Control: n=16. The ACh relaxations were produced after noradrenaline- (10 μM) induced pre-contractions. Responses are expressed as per cent of the relaxation induced by papaverine (0.1 mM). Values are means±s.e.mean.[4]. Evidence for a M(1) muscarinic receptor on the endothelium of human pulmonary veins. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 May;130(1):73-8.
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