Endogenous Metabolite

LPS (1 μg/mL) 与 ATP (5 mM) 共处理一小时对 HGF 的 NLRP3 炎性体激活具有积极影响 [3]。 IL-1β、KC 和 MIP-2 都是 ATP 依赖 caspase-1 激活诱导 BMDM 死亡率所必需的（2 mM；0.5-24 小时）[4]。在体外，ATP 刺激中性粒细胞趋化性 [4]。

ATP（50 mg/kg；腹腔注射）可保护外壳免受细菌感染 [4]。 ATP 涵盖外周的 IL-1β、KC 和 MIP-2 以及中性粒细胞募集 [4]。

人类健康不断受到各种危险的威胁，包括自我和非自我。免疫系统负责保护宿主免受这种危险，以保护人类健康。为此，免疫系统配备了一系列不同的细胞和非细胞效应器，这些效应器相互持续通信。天然存在的核苷酸5’-三磷酸腺苷（ATP）及其代谢产物腺苷（Ado）可能通过其同源受体的嘌呤能信号传导构成这种广泛免疫网络的内在组成部分，嘌呤能信号在全身广泛表达。这篇综述全面概述了ATP和Ado对主要免疫细胞类型的影响。压倒性的证据表明，ATP和Ado是免疫和炎症中重要的内源性信号分子。尽管ATP和Ado在体内炎症和免疫反应过程中的作用似乎极其复杂，但我们认为它们的免疫作用是相互依存和多方面的，这意味着它们的作用性质可能从免疫刺激转变为免疫调节，反之亦然，这取决于细胞外浓度以及嘌呤能受体和胞外酶的表达模式。因此，嘌呤能信号有助于炎症和免疫反应的微调，从而有效消除对宿主的危险，对健康组织的损害最小[2]。

体外研究表明，细胞外核苷酸和核苷可能是炎症和免疫反应的重要调节因子。大多数关于5’-三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的研究都是在远离人类环境的细胞系中进行的。本研究的目的是确定ATP对刺激全血中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10释放的影响。从健康志愿者中抽取血样，并与ATP和脂多糖（LPS）+植物血凝素（PHA）一起孵育24小时。与预期相反，100μM和300μM的ATP分别诱导TNF-α分泌减少32+/-8%（平均+/-SEM）和65+/-4%。此外，这些ATP浓度诱导全血中IL-10分泌增加48+/-5%和62+/-7%。ATP类似物5’-O-（3-硫代三磷酸）腺苷（ATP-gamma-S）和5’-二磷酸腺苷（ADP）也抑制TNF-α的释放，但只有ADP对IL-10有刺激作用。腺苷脱氨酶联合治疗不能逆转ATP对TNF-α和IL-10的作用。这些结果首次表明，ATP抑制受刺激全血中的炎症反应，如抑制TNF-α和刺激IL-10释放所示，并且这种作用主要由ATP而非腺苷介导[1]。

Animal/Disease Models: Fourweeks old Kunming mice (18-22 g) [4]
Doses: 50 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection before bacterial (E. coli) challenge
Experimental Results: Protect mice from bacterial infection.

Metabolism / Metabolites
Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure.

Toxicity Summary
ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP can be produced by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase. The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mole. The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 200 to 300 moles of ATP daily. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 2000 to 3000 times during a single day. ATP cannot be stored, hence its consumption must closely follow its synthesis.

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Toxicity Data
Oral LD₅₀ in rats is > 2 g/kg.

[1]. Immunoregulatory effects of adenosine 5'-triphosphate on cytokine release from stimulated whole blood. Eur J Immunol. 2005 Mar;35(3):852-8.

[2]. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):358-404.

[3]. Doxycycline inhibits NAcht Leucine-rich repeat Protein 3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β production induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 2019 Nov;107:104514.

[4]. Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Protects Mice against Bacterial Infection by Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5): e63759.

ATP is an adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. It is an adenosine 5'-phosphate and a purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate. It is a conjugate acid of an ATP(3-).
Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate has been reported in Helianthus tuberosus, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with data available.
Adenosine Triphosphate is an adenine nucleotide comprised of three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety, found in all living cells. Adenosine triphosphate is involved in energy production for metabolic processes and RNA synthesis. In addition, this substance acts as a neurotransmitter. In cancer studies, adenosine triphosphate is synthesized to examine its use to decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (A3367, A3368, A3369, A3370, A3371).
Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

C10H16N5O13P3

507.1810

506.995

C, 23.68; H, 3.18; N, 13.81; O, 41.01; P, 18.32

56-65-5

ATP disodium salt;987-65-5;ATP disodium trihydrate;51963-61-2;ATP dimagnesium;74804-12-9;ATP-13C10,15N5 disodium;ATP disodium salt hydrate;34369-07-8;ATP dipotassium;42373-41-1;ATP ditromethamine;102047-34-7;ATP-13C10,15N5;752972-20-6

5957

White to off-white solid powder

2.6±0.1 g/cm3

951.4±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg

187 - 190ºC (Decomposes)

529.2±37.1 °C

0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.904

-4.18

308.56

7

17

8

31

800

4

C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)O)O)O)N

ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1

[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate

Adenosine triphosphate; Ara-ATP; Atipi; Triphosphaden; Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate; ATP; adenosine-5'-triphosphate; Myotriphos; Striadyne; Triadenyl;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~197.17 mM)

配方 1 中的溶解度: 100 mg/mL (197.17 mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶。 (<60°C).

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
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7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。