Endogenous Metabolite

当与LPS（1 μg/ml）、ATP二钠盐水合物（5 mM）联合使用1小时时，对激活HGF中的NLRP3炎症小体具有协同作用[3]。在体外，骨髓源性巨噬细胞 (BMDM) 响应 ATP 二钠盐水合物（2 mM；0.5-24 小时），以依赖于 caspase-1 激活的方式分泌白介素 1β、KC 和 MIP-2[4] 。体外中性粒细胞趋化性由ATP二钠盐水合物直接和间接诱导，同时刺激细胞因子和趋化因子的释放以及炎症小体的激活[4]。

腹腔注射 50 mg/kg ATP 二钠盐水合物的小鼠可免受细菌感染[4]。 ?体内中性粒细胞的募集和 KC、MIP-2 和 IL1β 的释放是由 ATP 二钠盐水合物诱导的[4]。

人类健康不断受到各种各样的危险的威胁，包括自身的和非自身的。免疫系统的任务是保护宿主免受这些危险，以保护人体健康。为此，免疫系统配备了各种各样的细胞和非细胞效应物，这些效应物彼此之间保持着持续的联系。自然产生的核苷酸腺苷5'-三磷酸（ATP）及其代谢物腺苷（Ado）可能通过嘌呤能信号通过其同源受体构成了这个广泛的免疫网络的固有组成部分，这些受体在全身广泛表达。本文综述了ATP和Ado对主要免疫细胞类型的影响。大量证据表明，ATP和Ado在免疫和炎症反应中是重要的内源性信号分子。尽管ATP和Ado在体内炎症和免疫反应过程中的作用似乎非常复杂，但我们认为它们的免疫作用是相互依赖的，是多方面的，这意味着它们的作用性质可能从免疫刺激转变为免疫调节，反之亦然，这取决于细胞外浓度以及嘌呤能受体和外泌酶的表达模式。嘌呤能信号因此有助于炎症和免疫反应的微调，以这样一种方式，对宿主的危险被有效地消除，对健康组织的损害最小。［2］

Animal/Disease Models: Fourweeks old Kunming mice (18-22 g)[4]
Doses: 50 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip)injection, before bacterial (E. coli) challenge
Experimental Results: Protected mice from bacterial infection.

[1]. ATP synthesis and storage. Purinergic Signal. 2012 Sep;8(3):343-57.

[2]. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):358-404.

[3]. Doxycycline inhibits NAcht Leucine-rich repeat Protein 3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β production induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 2019 Nov;107:104514.

[4]. Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Protects Mice against Bacterial Infection by Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5): e63759.

Since 1929, when it was discovered that ATP is a substrate for muscle contraction, the knowledge about this purine nucleotide has been greatly expanded. Many aspects of cell metabolism revolve around ATP production and consumption. It is important to understand the concepts of glucose and oxygen consumption in aerobic and anaerobic life and to link bioenergetics with the vast amount of reactions occurring within cells. ATP is universally seen as the energy exchange factor that connects anabolism and catabolism but also fuels processes such as motile contraction, phosphorylations, and active transport. It is also a signalling molecule in the purinergic signalling mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss all the main mechanisms of ATP production linked to ADP phosphorylation as well the regulation of these mechanisms during stress conditions and in connection with calcium signalling events. Recent advances regarding ATP storage and its special significance for purinergic signalling will also be reviewed. [1]

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It has been established that Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the physiological effect of extracellular ATP on NLRP3 inflammasome activation has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we found that ATP was indeed released during bacterial infection. By using a murine peritonitis model, we also found that ATP promotes the fight against bacterial infection in mice. ATP induced the secretion of IL-1β and chemokines by murine bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal injection of ATP elevated the levels of IL-1β and chemokines in the mouse peritoneal lavage. Neutrophils were rapidly recruited to the peritoneum after ATP injection. In addition, the effects on cytokine and chemokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment were markedly attenuated by the pre-administration of the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cho. Ac-YVAD-cho also significantly attenuated the protective effect of ATP against bacterial infection. In the present study, we demonstrated a protective role for ATP during bacterial infection and this effect was related to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Together, these results suggest a role for ATP in initiating the immune response in hosts suffering from infections. [4]

C10H16N5NA2O14P3

569.160

568.97

C, 21.10; H, 2.83; N, 12.30; Na, 8.08; O, 39.35; P, 16.33

34369-07-8

ATP disodium salt;987-65-5;ATP disodium trihydrate;51963-61-2;ATP dimagnesium;74804-12-9;ATP-13C10,15N5 disodium;ATP disodium salt hydrate;34369-07-8;ATP dipotassium;42373-41-1;ATP ditromethamine;102047-34-7;ATP-13C10,15N5;752972-20-6

16218877

White to off-white solid powder

286Ų

O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)O3)O)[C@H]3COP([O-])(OP(O)(OP([O-])(O)=O)=O)=O.[H]O[H].[Na+].[Na+]

NTBQNWBHIXNPRU-MSQVLRTGSA-L

InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3.2Na.H2O/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20;;;/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20);;;1H2/q;2*+1;/p-2/t4-,6-,7-,10-;;;/m1.../s1

O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)O3)O)[C@H]3COP([O-])(OP(O)(OP([O-])(O)=O)=O)=O.[H]O[H].[Na+].[Na+]

34369-07-8; ATP disodium salt; ATP disodium salt hydrate; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate; MFCD00150755; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate; disodium;[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate;hydrate; ATP (disodium salt hydrate);

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL

配方 1 中的溶解度: 100 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液; 超声助溶。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
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6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。