DPP-4 (IC50 <10 nM)

体外活性：阿格列汀（也称为 SYR-322）是一种新型、有效、口服生物可利用的选择性 DPP-4（丝氨酸蛋白酶二肽基肽酶 IV）抑制剂，IC50 值为 2.6 nM，其活性大于 10,000 倍。 DPP-4 的选择性高于密切相关的 DPP-8 和 DPP-9。是2010年在日本上市的抗糖尿病药； 2013 年，FDA 批准了该药物的三种剂型：单独使用的商品名为 Nesina，与二甲双胍联合使用的商品名为 Kazano，与吡格列酮联合使用的商品名为 Oseni。与其他治疗 2 型糖尿病的药物一样，阿格列汀不会降低心脏病发作和中风的风险。阿格列汀和其他格列汀通常与二甲双胍联合用于单独使用二甲双胍无法充分控制糖尿病的患者。激酶测定：苯甲酸阿格列汀 (SYR 322) 是一种有效的选择性 DPP-4 抑制剂，IC50 <10 nM，选择性比 DPP-8 和 DPP-9 高 10,000 倍以上。

阿格列汀（SYR-322）可产生剂量依赖性的葡萄糖耐量改善，并提高雌性 Wistar 脂肪大鼠的血浆胰岛素水平。急性给予阿格列汀会导致血浆 DPP-4 活性显着降低，并增加血浆活性 GLP-1。阿格列汀在 0.3 mg/kg 及更高剂量时可改善葡萄糖耐量，血浆 IRI 呈剂量依赖性增加，表明葡萄糖耐量改善是由于阿格列汀增强胰岛素分泌的能力所致。

DPP-4检测：[1]
在二甲基亚砜（DMSO）中制备不同浓度（≤10mM终浓度）的试验化合物溶液，然后稀释到包含20mM Tris、pH 7.4的测定缓冲液中；20mM氯化钾；将人DPP-4（终浓度为0.1 nM）加入稀释液中，在环境温度下预孵育10分钟，然后用A-P-7-酰胺基-4-三氟甲基香豆素（AP-AFC；终浓度为10μM）引发反应。反应混合物的总体积为10-100μL，具体取决于所使用的测定格式（384或96孔板）。对反应进行动力学跟踪（激发λ=400 nm；发射λ=505 nm）5-10分钟，或在10分钟后测量终点。使用标准数学模型从酶进程曲线计算抑制常数（IC50）。[2]

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肝微粒体稳定性：[1]
试验化合物（1μM）在37°C下在含有大鼠或人肝微粒体（1 mg/mL蛋白质）和NADPH（烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸盐，还原形式）（4 mM）的磷酸盐缓冲液（50 mM，pH 7.4）中孵育。在0、5、15、30分钟的时间过程中，用三氯乙酸（0.3M）淬灭孵育混合物。将淬火溶液离心，转移上清液进行LC/MS定量。试验化合物的半衰期由化合物随时间变化的稳定性曲线得出。[2]

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阿格列汀（也称为 SYR-322）是一种新型、有效、选择性、口服生物可利用的 DPP-4（丝氨酸蛋白酶二肽基肽酶 IV）抑制剂。它的 IC50 值为 2.6 nM，对 DPP-4 的选择性比 DPP-8 和 DPP-9（两种密切相关的酶）高 10,000 倍以上。即使浓度高达 30 μM，阿格列汀也不会阻断 hERG 通道或抑制 CYP-450 酶活性。 Alogliptin Benzate(SYR 322) 是一种有效的选择性 DPP-4 抑制剂，IC50 小于 10 nM。其选择性比 DPP-8 和 DPP-9 高出 10,000 倍以上。

The N-STZ-1.5 rats
0.1, 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg
p.o.

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Neonatally streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (N-STZ-1.5 rats), a non-obese model of type 2 diabetes, were used in these studies. The effects of alogliptin on DPP-4 activity and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentration were determined by measuring their levels in plasma. In addition, the effects of alogliptin on an oral glucose tolerance test were investigated by using an SU secondary failure model.
Key findings: Alogliptin dose dependently suppressed plasma DPP-4 activity leading to an increase in the plasma active form of GLP-1 and improved glucose excursion in N-STZ-1.5 rats. Repeated administration of glibenclamide resulted in unresponsiveness or loss of glucose tolerance typical of secondary failure. In these rats, alogliptin exhibited significant improvement of glucose excursion with significant increase in insulin secretion. By contrast, glibenclamide and nateglinide had no effect on the glucose tolerance of these rats.
Significance: The above findings suggest that alogliptin was effective at improving glucose tolerance and therefore overcoming SU induced secondary failure in N-STZ-1.5 rats.[2]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absorption
The pharmacokinetics of NESINA was also shown to be similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes. When single, oral doses up to 800 mg in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes patients are given, the peak plasma alogliptin concentration (median Tmax) occurred 1 to 2 hours after dosing. Accumulation of aloglipin is minimal. The absolute bioavailability of NESINA is approximately 100%. Food does not affect the absorption of alogliptin.

Route of Elimination
Renal excretion (76%) and feces (13%). 60% to 71% of the dose is excreted as unchanged drug in the urine.

Volume of Distribution
Following a single, 12.5 mg intravenous infusion of alogliptin to healthy subjects, the volume of distribution during the terminal phase was 417 L, indicating that the drug is well distributed into tissues.

Clearance
Renal clearance = 9.6 L/h (this value indicates some active renal tubular secretion); Systemic clearance = 14.0 L/h.

The primary route of elimination of (14C) alogliptin-derived radioactivity occurs via renal excretion (76%) with 13% recovered in the feces, achieving a total recovery of 89% of the administered radioactive dose. The renal clearance of alogliptin (9.6 L/hr) indicates some active renal tubular secretion and systemic clearance was 14.0 L/hr.

Alogliptin does not undergo extensive metabolism and 60% to 71% of the dose is excreted as unchanged drug in the urine.

The absolute bioavailability of NESINA is approximately 100%. Administration of NESINA with a high-fat meal results in no significant change in total and peak exposure to alogliptin. NESINA may therefore be administered with or without food.

Following a single, 12.5 mg intravenous infusion of alogliptin to healthy subjects, the volume of distribution during the terminal phase was 417 L, indicating that the drug is well distributed into tissues. Alogliptin is 20% bound to plasma proteins.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Alogliptin does not undergo extensive metabolism. Two minor metabolites that were detected are N-demethylated alogliptin (<1% of parent compound) and N-acetylated alogliptin (<6% of parent compound). The N-demethylated metabolite is active and an inhibitor of DPP-4. The N-acetylated metabolite is inactive. Cytochrome enzymes that are involved with the metabolism of alogliptin are CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 but the extent to which this occurs is minimal. Approximately 10-20% of the dose is hepatically metabolized by cytochrome enzymes.

Two minor metabolites were detected following administration of an oral dose of [14C] alogliptin, N-demethylated, M-I (<1% of the parent compound), and N-acetylated alogliptin, M-II (<6% of the parent compound). M-I is an active metabolite and is an inhibitor of DPP-4 similar to the parent molecule; M-II does not display any inhibitory activity toward DPP-4 or other DPP-related enzymes. In vitro data indicate that CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 contribute to the limited metabolism of alogliptin. Alogliptin exists predominantly as the (R)-enantiomer (>99%) and undergoes little or no chiral conversion in vivo to the (S)-enantiomer. The (S)-enantiomer is not detectable at the 25 mg dose.

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Biological Half-Life
Terminal half-life = 21 hours
At the maximum recommended clinical dose of 25 mg, Nesina was eliminated with a mean terminal half-life of approximately 21 hours.

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Alogliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; but not for treatment of type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: During clinical trials patients receiving alogliptin 25 mg daily reported adverse reactions including pancreatitis (0.2%), hypersensitivity reactions (0.6%), a single event of serum sickness, nasopharyngitis (4.4%), hypoglycemia (1.5%), headache (4.2%) and upper respiratory tract infection (4.2%). In elderly patients the incidence of hypoglycemia with alogliptin increased to 5.4%. Postmarketing, patients taking alogliptin reported acute pancreatitis and serious hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema and severe cutaneous adverse reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. There have been postmarketing reports of fatal and nonfatal hepatic failure in patients taking Nesina. ANIMAL STUDIES: In a fertility study in rats, alogliptin had no adverse effects on early embryonic development, mating or fertility at doses up to 500 mg/kg, or approximately 172 times the clinical dose based on plasma drug exposure (AUC). Alogliptin administered to pregnant rabbits and rats during the period of organogenesis was not teratogenic at doses of up to 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, or 149 times and 180 times, respectively, the clinical dose based on plasma drug exposure (AUC). Doses of alogliptin up to 250 mg/kg (approximately 95 times clinical exposure based on AUC) given to pregnant rats from gestation Day 6 to lactation Day 20 did not harm the developing embryo or adversely affect growth and development of offspring. Placental transfer of alogliptin into the fetus was observed following oral dosing to pregnant rats. Alogliptin is secreted in the milk of lactating rats in a 2:1 ratio to plasma. No drug-related tumors were observed in mice after administration of 50, 150 or 300 mg/kg alogliptin for two years, or up to approximately 51 times the maximum recommended clinical dose of 25 mg, based on AUC exposure. Alogliptin was not mutagenic or clastogenic, with and without metabolic activation, in the Ames test with S. typhimurium and E. coli or the cytogenetic assay in mouse lymphoma cells. Alogliptin was negative in the in vivo mouse micronucleus study.

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Hepatotoxicity
Liver injury due to alogliptin is rare. In large clinical trials, serum enzyme elevations were uncommon (1% to 3%) and no greater than with comparator arms or placebo. In these studies, no instances of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice were reported. Since licensure, instances of serum enzyme elevations and acute hepatitis including acute liver failure attributed to alogliptin have been reported to the FDA and the sponsor. These cases have not been reported in the literature and the clinical features have not been defined. Cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury have been reported with other DPP-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin and saxagliptin. The latency to onset was typically within 2 to 12 weeks of starting and the pattern of liver enzyme elevations was usually hepatocellular. Immunoallergic features were often present. Most cases were self-limited in course and rapidly reversed once the medication was stopped.
Likelihood score: E* (unproven but suspected cause of acute, idiosyncratic liver injury).

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the clinical use of alogliptin during breastfeeding. An alternate drug may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. Monitoring of the breastfed infant's blood glucose is advisable during maternal therapy with alogliptin.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Interactions
When alogliptin is used in combination with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., a sulfonylurea) or insulin, the incidence of hypoglycemia is increased compared with sulfonylurea or insulin monotherapy. Therefore, patients receiving alogliptin may require a reduced dosage of the concomitant insulin secretagogue or insulin to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.

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Protein Binding
Alogliptin is 20% bound to plasma proteins.

[1]. J Med Chem . 2007 May 17;50(10):2297-300.

[2]. Life Sci . 2009 Jul 17;85(3-4):122-6.

Alogliptin benzoate is a benzoate salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of alogliptin and benzoic acid. Used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It has a role as an EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor and a hypoglycemic agent. It contains an alogliptin(1+).
Alogliptin Benzoate is the benzoate salt form of alogliptin, a selective, orally bioavailable, pyrimidinedione-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. In addition to its effect on glucose levels, alogliptin may inhibit inflammatory responses by preventing the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-mediated formation of proinflammatory cytokines.
See also: Alogliptin (has active moiety); Alogliptin Benzoate; Pioglitazone Hydrochloride (component of); Alogliptin Benzoate; METformin Hydrochloride (component of).

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Drug Indication
Vipidia is indicated in adults aged 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glycaemic control in combination with other glucose lowering medicinal products including insulin, when these, together with diet and exercise, do not provide adequate glycaemic control (see sections 4. 4, 4. 5 and 5. 1 for available data on different combinations).

C25H27N5O4

461.51

461.206

C, 65.06; H, 5.90; N, 15.17; O, 13.87

850649-62-6

Alogliptin;850649-61-5;Alogliptin-13C,d3 benzoate; Alogliptin Benzoate;850649-62-6;Alogliptin-d3;1133421-35-8;Alogliptin-13C,d3 benzoate;Alogliptin-13C,d3;1246817-18-4

16088021

White to off-white solid powder

671.2ºC at 760 mmHg

359.7ºC

2.544

134.35

2

7

4

34

726

1

C(C1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)O.C(C1C=CC=CC=1C#N)N1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C=C1N1CCC[C@@H](N)C1

KEJICOXJTRHYAK-XFULWGLBSA-N

InChI=1S/C18H21N5O2.C7H6O2/c1-21-17(24)9-16(22-8-4-7-15(20)12-22)23(18(21)25)11-14-6-3-2-5-13(14)10-19;8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h2-3,5-6,9,15H,4,7-8,11-12,20H2,1H3;1-5H,(H,8,9)/t15-;/m1./s1

2-[[6-[(3R)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]methyl]benzonitrile;benzoic acid

SYR-322 benzoate; SYR322; SYR 322; Alogliptin benzoate; Nesina; Kazano; Oseni

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

配方 1 中的溶解度: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (2.71 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将100 μL 12.5 mg/mL澄清的DMSO储备液加入到400 μL PEG300中，混匀；再向上述溶液中加入50 μL Tween-80，混匀；然后加入450 μL生理盐水定容至1 mL。
*生理盐水的制备：将 0.9 g 氯化钠溶解在 100 mL ddH₂O中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 2 中的溶解度: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (2.71 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 12.5 mg/mL澄清DMSO储备液加入900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD生理盐水溶液中，混匀。
*20% SBE-β-CD 生理盐水溶液的制备（4°C，1 周）：将 2 g SBE-β-CD 溶解于 10 mL 生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。

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配方 3 中的溶解度: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (2.71 mM) (饱和度未知) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (这些助溶剂从左到右依次添加，逐一添加), 澄清溶液。
例如，若需制备1 mL的工作液，可将 100 μL 12.5 mg/mL 澄清 DMSO 储备液加入900 μL 玉米油中，混合均匀。

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配方 4 中的溶解度: 0.5% methylcellulose: 30 mg/mL

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。