Dotinurad (FYU-981)   中文名称: 多替诺德; 多替诺雷

URAT1/Urate transporter 1 (IC50 = 3.6 µM)

Dotinurad是一种新型的选择性尿酸盐重吸收抑制剂（SURI），在低剂量下对尿酸盐转运蛋白1 （URAT1，溶质载体家族22成员12 [SLC22A12]）对尿酸盐的摄取有明显的抑制作用，URAT1定位于肾近端小管细胞的顶膜。[2]
Dotinurad抑制近端小管中的有机离子转运体，尤其是URAT1，但也可能与OATs相互作用。［1］

本研究旨在阐明Dotinurad (FYU-981)的药代动力学（PK）谱。在大鼠、猴子和人类中，Dotinurad (FYU-981)的表观分布体积（分别为0.257、0.205和0.182 L/kg）和口服清除率（分别为0.054、0.037和0.013 L·h-1·kg-1）非常低，而血浆和腹腔浓度则维持在较高水平。此外，血浆蛋白结合率为99.4%，几乎没有物种差异。其主要代谢物为Dotinurad (FYU-981)葡萄糖醛酸（在人体内无特异性代谢物），未改变多丁醛酸的排泄百分比在所有被调查物种中都很低。Dotinurad (FYU-981)对细胞色素P450 （CYP）等代谢酶的抑制作用较弱，因此与该药相互作用的风险较低。综上所述，低剂量Dotinurad (FYU-981)具有良好的药理作用和理想的PK特性，其SURI为[2]。

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在大鼠和猴子中，dotinurad和TRA给药后达到Cmax （Tmax）的时间相对较快（<1.83 h），而在人体内，由于14C-FYU-981是溶液给药，而dotinurad是片剂给药，因此，TRA的Tmax和Cmax分别比 dotinurad (FYU-981)更快和更高。大鼠、猴子和人对Dotinurad (FYU-981)的口服清除率（CL/F分别为0.054、0.037和0.013 L·h−1·kg−1）和表观Vd （Vd/F分别为0.257、0.205和0.182 L/kg）均极低。[2]

14C-Dotinurad (FYU-981)血浆蛋白结合与血细胞分布比值[2]
在研究当天采集大鼠、猴和人的血浆和血液样本（n = 3）。将14C-Dotinurad (FYU-981)溶液（终浓度：1 μg/mL）分别加入血浆和血样中制备试验样品。为了测定血浆和血液中的放射性浓度，将每个测试样品的一份样品溶解在组织增溶剂SOLUENE-350中（只有血液测试样品用饱和过氧化苯甲酰的苯进行脱色），并与闪烁体HIONIC-FLUOR混合。剩余样品在37°C水浴中孵育5 min。等额血浆样品注入超离心装置，离心（1800×g, 37°C, 10 min）回收滤液。滤液用闪烁器混合。用液体闪烁计数器测量了处理后的等离子体试样和滤液的放射性。根据血浆和滤液中的放射性浓度计算血浆蛋白结合率。相反，血液测试样本是在毛细管中收集，以确定红细胞压积值（Ht）。剩余血样离心（8000×g, 4°C, 5 min）分离血浆。血浆的等分物溶解在组织增溶剂中，并用闪烁体混合。用LSC法测定了处理后的血液样品和分离后的血浆的放射性。根据全血和血浆中的Ht和放射性浓度计算出血细胞的放射性分布。

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CYP抑制研究[2]
根据人与动物桥接研究组织（Human and Animal Bridging Research Organization， HAB）的方案，对多替努德的CYP抑制作用进行了评价。本研究评估的Dotinurad (FYU-981)抑制浓度分别为1、2.5、5、10、25、50和100 μM。修改了HAB方案中CYPs代谢物的分析方法和抑菌效果的计算方法。CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、CYP3A4的色谱柱为CAPCELL PAK C18 UG 120 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm)， CYP2C9的色谱柱为Mightysil RP-18GP （4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm）。每个IC50由活性比（%）计算，即存在Dotinurad (FYU-981)时的活性除以不存在dotinurad时的活性。

14C-Dotinurad (FYU-981)在低温保存肝细胞中的体外代谢比较研究[2]
来自Sekisui XenoTech的雄性大鼠和猴子冷冻保存肝细胞和混合性别人冷冻保存肝细胞。采用Sekisui XenoTech公司生产的肝细胞分离试剂盒（K2000）制备肝细胞悬液。每个物种的肝细胞悬液（终浓度：1 × 106个细胞/mL）或Krebs-Henseleit Buffer (118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 6.3 mM HEPES和11 mM d-glucose， pH 7.4)；对照组)加入24孔板，在CO2培养箱（37℃，5% CO2, 95%空气）中预孵育10 min。反应开始时，加入14C-Dotinurad (FYU-981)溶液（终浓度：10 μM），在CO2培养箱中孵育0和1 h。孵育后，在孵育混合物中加入与混合物体积相同的乙腈终止反应。终止后，搅拌并离心（1800×g, 4°C, 5 min）分离上清。收集的上清液用蒸发器蒸发至干燥。干燥后，将残渣超声溶解于n -甲基-2-吡咯烷二酮/初始流动相（1:1,v/v）中。将溶液离心（15000×g, 4°C, 5 min），得到的上清液注射到HPLC-放射性检测（RAD）中，装置由岛津10A高效液相色谱系统和625 TR流动闪烁分析仪组成。HPLC分析条件称为“样品分析”。

The animal studies were conducted at SMD (all radioisotope and monkey studies) or FY (rat study). Male Sprague-Dawley (SD, Crj:CD[SD]IGS) rats, aged 6 weeks were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. After a 1-week acclimatization period, the animals were used for the study at 7 weeks old. Male cynomolgus monkeys, aged 3 years, were purchased from Hamri Co., Ltd. Dotinurad (FYU-981) (including 14C-FYU-981) was suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose and administered orally (p.o.) at a dose of 1 mg/kg to starved rats or monkeys.[2]

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Dotinurad (FYU-981) concentration in rat, monkey, and human plasma were analyzed using a validated method at FY. The rat and monkey plasma samples were deproteinized, using methanol containing an internal standard (F12994), and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and ultraperformance-LC, respectively. The standard curve of dotinurad ranged between 1 and 300 ng/mL for rat plasma and 30–3000 ng/mL for monkey plasma. The human plasma samples were processed using solid-phase extraction in a 96-well plate format and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The standard curve of dotinurad ranged between 1 and 1000 ng/mL for human plasma. Dotinurad and matrix constituents in human plasma were separated using an Inertsil ODS-3 (2.1 × 150 mm 3 μm) at 50 °C with a mobile phase of 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 4) in water and methanol (50:50, v/v). The total flow rate was set at 0.18 mL/min. Ionization was conducted in the turbo ion spray and negative ion modes. Dotinurad was analyzed as [M-H]- ions in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (transitions: dotinurad 356.0/159.9 and internal standard F12994 341.1/145.1).[2]

Plasma protein binding and hematocytic distribution [2] Table 1 shows that the plasma protein binding and hematocytic distribution of dotinurard were similar in all studied species, and these parameters were not different among different species. Metabolism [2] Table 3 lists the results of an in vitro comparative metabolic study of 14C-FYU-981 in cryopreserved hepatocytes. The production rates of 14C-FYU-981 glucuronide (7.3%, 3.8%, and 3.5%) and sulfate (3.8%, 3.6%, and 1.8%) metabolites were high in rat, monkey, and human hepatocytes. The level of 14C-FYU-981 in human hepatocytes was slightly higher than that in rat hepatocytes, indicating that the clearance rate of 14C-FYU-981 in human hepatocytes was lower than that in rat hepatocytes. Table 4 lists the percentage of metabolites detected in samples collected after injection of 14C-FYU-981 into rats, monkeys, and humans. In rat, monkey, and human plasma, the parent compound was detected as the major component, accounting for 81.9%, 92.0%, and 80.9% of the radioactivity, respectively. Levels of methylDCHB, sulfate, and 6-hydroxy metabolites were relatively high in plasma samples from all tested species. The highest levels of methylDCHB metabolites were observed in rat and human samples (2.8% and 5.1%, respectively), while the highest level of sulfate metabolites was observed in monkeys (1.5%). In rat urine, ¹⁴C-FYU-981 accounted for 2.2%, with DCHB sulfate being detected as the major metabolite at 21.9%, followed by DCHB (12.2%) and sulfate (11.7%). In monkey and human urine, the detection rates of ¹⁴C-FYU-981 were 5.0% and 1.3%, respectively, with glucuronide being the main metabolite (37.0% and 51.8%, respectively), followed by sulfate (26.7% and 23.4%, respectively). In feces, the levels of 6-hydroxy, dichlorobenzothiophene (DCHB), and sulfonate metabolites, as well as the parent compound, were higher than other metabolites. The recovery rates of radioactivity from rat, monkey, and human fecal samples were 79.9%, 78.8%, and 67.5%, respectively, which were slightly low. However, the percentage of unrecovered radioactivity was less than 4.6% of the dose. The metabolite profile of monkeys was more similar to that of humans than that of rats.

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Excretion[2]
Figure 3 shows the average cumulative excretion of radioactive material in urine, feces, and exhaled gases, as well as the total recovery rate. In rats, monkeys, and humans, the urinary radioactivity levels were 68.7%, 83.7%, and 86.4% of the dose, respectively, while the corresponding fecal radioactivity levels were 22.7%, 6.7%, and 7.9% of the dose (both samples over 168 hours). In rat, monkey, and human samples, the percentage of radioactive material excreted in exhaled breath was 4.2%, 7.8%, and 5.0% of the dose (over 96 hours), respectively, with total radioactivity recoveries of 95.5%, 98.2%, and 99.4%, all satisfactory. The primary route of excretion was urine. Metabolite analysis showed that the radioactive material was primarily excreted as DCHB sulfate in rats, and as glucuronide in monkeys and humans.

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CYP Inhibition Study [2]
Table 5 shows the evaluation results of dotinurara's inhibitory effect on major CYP isoenzymes (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4) in human liver microsomes. The inhibitory constant (Ki) of dotinurara against CYP2C9 was 10.4 μmol/L. According to the Drug Interaction (DDI) guidelines [13], the R value calculated based on Ki and free Cmax was 1.00 after 7 consecutive days of administration of 4 mg dotinurara (7.0 nmol/L: unpublished data). Therefore, the risk of drug interaction through CYP inhibition is predicted to be low.

[1]. Eur J Med Chem. 2019 Mar 15;166:186-196.;
[2]. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2020 Jun;35(3):313-320.

Dotinurad is currently undergoing clinical trial NCT03372200 (a double-blind, comparative study with febuxostat as a control, comparing the efficacy of FYU-981 in hyperuricemia with and without gout). Factors maintaining high plasma drug concentrations include high bioavailability (BA), low volume of distribution (Vd), and low clearance/fraction of free (CL/F). Dotinurad's bioavailability in rats and monkeys was 86.9% and 91.0%, respectively, while the CL/F in humans (0.013 L·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹) was lower than that in rats (0.052 L·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹) and monkeys (0.037 L·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹). Furthermore, a human mass balance study showed that at least 91.4% of Dotinurad was absorbed after oral administration, calculated as a percentage of radioactive excretion in urine and exhaled breath. Although the bioavailability (BA) of dotinurara in humans has not been assessed, it is expected to be high. The volume of distribution/fraction of distribution (Vd/F) values of dotinurara in rats and monkeys were nearly equal to the extracellular fluid volume (0.297 and 0.208 L/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the Vd/F values of dotinurara in humans were nearly identical to those in rats and monkeys (Table 1). This result may be attributed to factors such as the similarity of the volume of distribution (Vd) in rats and monkeys, and the fact that the Vd values remained almost unchanged after administration of doses of 0.3–3 mg/kg in rats (data not shown). In addition, plasma protein binding was nearly identical in rats, monkeys, and humans. The clearance (CL) of dotinurara appears to be primarily mediated by metabolism, as dotinurara is mainly excreted in the urine as metabolites (Figure 3 and Table 4). In rats and monkeys, the CL/F values were significantly lower than those of hepatic blood flow (3.3 and 2.6 L·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹, respectively), indicating low clearance of Dotinurad. These results suggest that high bioavailability, low volume of distribution/blood flow ratio (Vd/F), and CL/F lead to higher plasma concentrations of Dotinurad at low doses. [2]
Drug concentrations in the proximal tubules of the kidney can be considered as free plasma concentrations. While lower plasma protein binding results in higher drug concentrations in the tubules, this also has a sustained effect on pharmacological action by increasing renal clearance. Dotinurad has a plasma protein binding rate of 99.4% in humans. This value may seem high given that the drug's pharmacological target is the renal tubules. However, this value suggests a proper balance between pharmacological action and pharmacokinetics, and a longer duration of action. In fact, the effect of Dotinurad on serum uric acid levels and renal uric acid excretion appears to be saturated at doses above 5 mg. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation (simple maximum effect model) of Dotinurad indicated a half-maximal plasma concentration of 3.8 nM (equivalent to a Cmax of 196 ng/mL at a 2 mg dose). Although the IC50 value of benzbromarone for uric acid transport via URAT1 (0.190 μM) is approximately 5 times that of Dotinurad (0.0372 μM), the clinical dose of benzbromarone remains 50 mg (12.5 times that of Dotinurad). The CL/F and Vd/F of benzbromarone in humans are approximately 0.053 L·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹ and 0.4 L/kg, respectively (calculated based on dose, AUC0-24, and T1/2). Although the bioavailability of Dotinurad and benzbromarone is not well understood, if their bioavailability is similar, the CL and Vd of Dotinurad are expected to be lower than those of benzbromarone. Therefore, these results indicate that Dotinurad has a more desirable PK profile for uric acid drugs compared to benzbromarone, enabling more efficient drug delivery to the target. [2]
In addition, Dotinurad effectively inhibits URAT1 and exhibits high selectivity for other uric acid secretion transporters such as ABCG2, organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1, SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8); therefore, it has been designated as SURI (severe uric acid deficiency). The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug contribute to its sustained reduction of serum uric acid levels at low doses (0.5–4 mg). Furthermore, at pharmacologically active concentrations, Dotinurad does not inhibit drug transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), organophosphorus transporter (OATP) and MATE (recommended by the drug interaction guideline), nor does it inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP (e.g., CYP2C9, which can be inhibited by benzbromarone) and UGT (data not shown). Furthermore, due to the high absorption rate of Dotinurad, the contributions of MDR1 and ABCG2 to its intestinal absorption are also very low. In rat studies, the liver concentration of Dotinurad was approximately twice the plasma concentration (data not shown), and its volume of distribution/distribution factor (Vd/F) in humans was low. Therefore, this suggests that OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 contribute little to the hepatic uptake of Dotinurad. If Dotinurad is a substrate of these drug transporters, given the IC50 values of Dotinurad for typical substrates of these drug transporters (MDR1 > 200 μM, ABCG2 74.7 μM, OATP1B1 11.5 μM, OATP1B3 > 200 μM), Dotinurad's affinity for these drug transporters should be low. Therefore, given that Dotinurad exerts its pharmacological effects at low doses, the risk of drug interactions is expected to be low. [2]
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health problem, and uric acid (UA) remains a major risk factor for CKD. As the main organ for clearing uric acid, the kidneys contain a group of uric acid transport proteins in their renal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney disease can hinder the excretion of uric acid (UA), and the accumulation of serum uric acid can in turn impair kidney function. Currently, there are three main types of commercially available uric acid-lowering drugs: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors, whose mechanism of action is to inhibit the production of uric acid; uricosuric agents, whose mechanism of action is to increase the concentration of uric acid in urine, thereby reducing serum uric acid levels; and uricase, whose mechanism of action is to convert uric acid into allantoin, thereby significantly reducing serum uric acid levels. It is worth noting that for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the use of the above drugs alone or in combination should be approached with extreme caution. Increasing evidence suggests that a variety of uric acid-lowering drugs are effective in treating hyperuricemia in patients with CKD. In addition, a large number of novel and promising candidate drugs and phytochemicals are in different stages of development. To date, there is insufficient evidence to support the widespread use of uric acid-lowering therapy to prevent or delay the progression of CKD. This review summarizes the evidence and opinions on the treatment of CKD with hyperuricemia for the reference of medicinal chemists and nephrologists. [1]

C14H9CL2NO4S

358.1966

356.962

C, 46.95; H, 2.53; Cl, 19.79; N, 3.91; O, 17.87; S, 8.95

1285572-51-1

1285572-51-1;

51349053

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

2.9

83.1

1

4

1

22

538

0

VOFLAIHEELWYGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChi Code

InChI=1S/C14H9Cl2NO4S/c15-9-5-8(6-10(16)13(9)18)14(19)17-7-22(20,21)12-4-2-1-3-11(12)17/h1-6,18H,7H2

(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)(1,1-dioxidobenzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)methanone

FYU-981; FYU 981; Dotinurad; 1285572-51-1; (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)(1,1-dioxidobenzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)methanone; (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-(1,1-dioxo-2H-1,3-benzothiazol-3-yl)methanone; 305EB53128; Urece; FYU981; Urece

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
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