hGAT-1 (IC50 = 0.26 μM); rGAT-1 (IC50 = 1.2 μM); rGAT-2 (IC50 = 297 μM); hGAT-3 (IC50 = 333 μM); rGAT-3 (IC50 = 1140 μM); hBGT-3 (IC50 = 300 μM)

在神经元和神经胶质细胞中，CI-966 特异性抑制 GABA 再摄取以产生其作用 [4]。

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γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）是哺乳动物大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。GABA的突触作用被突触前终末和周围神经胶质细胞的快速摄取终止。分子克隆揭示了四种不同的GABA转运蛋白的存在，称为GAT-1、GAT-2、GAT-3和BGT-1。运输的药理学抑制提供了一种增加GABA能量传递的机制，这可能有助于治疗各种神经精神疾病。最近，已经设计并合成了一些亲脂性GABA转运抑制剂，它们能够穿过血脑屏障，并显示出抗惊厥活性。我们现在已经测定了其中四种化合物的效力，SK&F 89976-A（N-（4,4-二苯基-3-丁烯基）-3-哌啶甲酸）、噻加宾（（R）-1-[4,4-双（3-甲基-2-噻吩基）-3-丁烯基]-3-哌啶甲酸），CI-966（[1-[2-[双4-（三氟甲基）苯基]甲氧基]乙基]-1,2,5,6-四氢-3-吡啶甲酸）和NNC-711（1-（2-（（（二苯基亚甲基）氨基）氧基）乙基）-1,2,4,6-四氢-3-吡啶甲酸盐酸盐），并发现它们对GAT-1具有高度选择性。这些数据表明，这些化合物的抗惊厥活性是通过抑制GAT-1的摄取来介导的[1]。

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分子生物学揭示了大脑中存在四种高亲和力GABA转运蛋白，即GAT-1、GAT-2、GAT-3和BGT-1，后者运输GABA和渗透调节剂甜菜碱。我们已经证明，已知的GABA摄取抑制剂如SK&F 89976-A、CI-966和Tiagabine对GAT-1表现出高亲和力和选择性[3]。

当给予接受过戊四唑 (PTZ) 给药训练的大鼠时，CI-966 会引起中等水平的 PTZ 杠杆反应 [4]。 CI-966 放大了 CA1 锥体层中γ-氨基丁酸的原位作用。 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠在乌拉坦麻醉下通过腹腔注射 (5 mg/kg) 进行全身给药 CI-966。注射后 20 至 30 分钟，微离子电渗 GABA 对 CA1 区域的海马群峰值具有典型显着但高度可变的抑制作用 [5]。不同的动物模型证明了 CI-966 的抗惊厥作用。当给狗口服时，1.39 mg/kg CI-966 被迅速吸收，0.7 小时后达到峰值。接受 5 mg/kg 口服剂量的大鼠显示平均 tmax 为 4.0 小时。在狗和大鼠中，静脉注射相同剂量后，消除t1/2平均为1.2和4.5小时。在这两个物种中，CI-966 的口服生物利用度均为 100% [6]。

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在氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉下，通过腹腔注射（5mg/kg）对Sprague-Dawley大鼠全身施用一种新的强效、可渗透血脑屏障的γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）摄取阻断剂1-[2-[双[4-（三氟甲基）-苯基]甲氧基]乙基]-1,2,5,6-四氢-3-吡啶甲酸（CI-966）。注射后20至30分钟，通过微离子电渗疗法在CA1区施加GABA，对海马群体尖峰的抑制作用发生了高度变化，但总体上显著增强。与尼泊苷酸（通过离子电渗疗法局部应用）的效果一样，当GABA施加在金字塔层或其附近时，CI-966的增强作用最为明显，因为GABA的作用通常最弱，并且表现出最明显的消退。GABA效力的这种变化最简单的解释是GABA摄取的减少。[5]

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CI-966在各种动物模型中表现出抗惊厥特性。该药物通过抑制γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的突触摄取起作用。狗口服1.39mg/kg的CI-966吸收迅速，tmax为0.7小时。大鼠口服5mg/kg的平均tmax为4.0小时。静脉注射相同剂量后，狗和大鼠的消除t1/2平均为1.2和4.5小时。两种物种的CI-966的绝对口服生物利用度均为100%。狗口服[14C]CI-966 HCl后，粪便和尿液排泄分别占14C剂量的89%和2.3%。在胆管插管的大鼠中，胆汁排泄是放射性的主要消除途径（75%）。尿液和粪便排泄分别占4.1%和12%。根据己巴比妥睡眠时间的测定，CI-966不会诱导或抑制小鼠肝脏混合功能氧化酶[6]。

细胞系。[3]
在本研究中，我们使用了大鼠GAT-2（rGAT-2）6和GAT-1的人类同源物（我们重新克隆的hGAT-1）、20个GAT-3（hGAT-3）、9和BGT-1（hBGT-1）。如前所述，使用磷酸钙法和G-418中的选择在LM（tk“）细胞中产生了这些克隆的稳定细胞系。细胞在Dulbecco改良的Eagles培养基中在标准条件下（37°C，5%COa）生长。

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运输分析。[3]
GABA转运如前所述进行测量，6但有以下修改。用HEPES缓冲盐水（HBS，单位为mm：NaCl，150；HEPES，20；CaCla，1；葡萄糖，10；KC1，5；MgCla，l；pH7.4）洗涤在24孔板（孔直径18 mm）中生长的细胞三次，并在37°C的玻片加热器上平衡。10分钟后，取出培养基，加入HBSure中未标记的药物（450/μL/孔）。通过在每孔中加入50 pL的[3H]GABAin-HBS浓缩溶液（终浓度=50 nM）来启动转运。非特异性摄取在具有1个未标记GABA的平行孔中定义，并从总摄取量（无竞争对手）中减去产生特异性摄取量；所有数据均代表特定摄取量。将板在37°C下孵育10分钟，然后使用24位洗板机用冰冷的HBS快速洗涤三次。用0.05%脱氧胆酸钠/0.1 N NaOH（0.25 mL/孔）溶解细胞，用1 N HCl中和等分试样，通过闪烁计数测定放射性。根据制造商的指示，使用BIO-RAD蛋白质测定试剂盒对溶解细胞的等分试样中的蛋白质进行定量。将亲脂性抑制剂溶解在DMSO中。转运分析中DMSO的最终浓度<2%，对照实验表明，该浓度对转运没有显著影响。

Animal/Disease Models: 8 male SD (SD (Sprague-Dawley)) rats [4]
Doses: 0.3-30 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection in a volume of 1 mL/kg
Experimental Results: Dose-dependent decrease in response rate after CI-966 administration .

Oral absorption of CI-966 in dogs given 1.39 mg/kg is rapid with a tmax of 0.7 hr. In rats given 5 mg/kg oral, a mean tmax of 4.0 hr was observed. Following iv administration of the same respective doses, elimination t1/2 in dogs and rats averaged 1.2 and 4.5 hr. Absolute oral bioavailability of CI-966 was 100% in both species. Following oral dosing of [14C]CI-966 HCl to dogs, fecal, and urinary excretion accounted for 89% and 2.3% of the 14C dose, respectively. In bile-duct cannulated rats, biliary excretion is the major elimination pathway of radioactivity (75%). Urinary and fecal excretion accounted for 4.1 and 12%, respectively. CI-966 does not induce or inhibit mouse hepatic mixed function oxidases, as determined by hexobarbital sleeping time.[6]

198692 rat LD50 oral 894 mg/kg SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE; BEHAVIORAL: COMA; GASTROINTESTINAL: HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA Drug Development Research., 28(65), 1993
198692 mouse LD50 oral 703 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD; GASTROINTESTINAL: HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA; KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES Drug Development Research., 28(65), 1993

[1]. Tiagabine, SK&F 89976-A, CI-966, and NNC-711 are selective for the cloned GABA transporter GAT-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Oct 14;269(2):219-24.

[2]. GABA potentiation: a logical pharmacological approach for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Neuropharmacology. 2000 Jul 10;39(9):1483-94.

[3]. Design, synthesis and evaluation of substituted triarylnipecotic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors: identification of a ligand with moderate affinity and selectivity for the cloned human GABA transporter GAT-3. J Med Chem (IF: 7.

[4]. Discriminative stimulus effects of presynaptic GABA agonists in pentobarbital-trained rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.1994 Jan;47(1):5-11.

[5]. Systemic CI-966, a new gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake blocker, enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid action in CA1 pyramidal layer in situ. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990 Sep;68(9):1194-9.

[6]. Pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and induction potential of a novel GABA uptake inhibitor, CI-966 HCl, in laboratory animals. Pharm Res. 1993 Oct;10(10):1442-5.

1-[2-[bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid is a diarylmethane.

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It has been shown that enhancing the function of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA decreases glutamatergic activity in the brain. Since increased glutamatergic activity is the major primary event that results in cell death following an acute hypoxic-ischaemic stroke, GABAmimetic drugs might therefore be expected to be neuroprotective. This review examines the evidence that GABAergic function is acutely depressed following an ischaemic insult, and also reviews the data that suggest that increasing cerebral GABA concentration has a neuroprotective effect, as does the administration of some (but not all) GABAmimetic agents. The GABA uptake inhibitor CI-966, the GABA(A) agonist muscimol and the GABA(A)mimetic clomethiazole have all been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of stroke when given after the ischaemic insult. In contrast, benzodiazepines and particularly barbiturates, although potent GABA(A) potentiators, have shown little promise as neuroprotectants. The diversity of GABA(A) receptor subtypes and the in vivo efficacy of certain GABA(A) receptor ligands in animal models of stroke suggests that GABAmimetic drugs are an undervalued approach to stroke therapy.[2]

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gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Molecular biology has revealed the presence of four high-affinity GABA transporters in the brain, GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1, the latter transporting both GABA and the osmolyte Betaine. We have shown that known GABA uptake inhibitors such as SK&F 89976-A, CI-966, and Tiagabine exhibit high affinity and selectivity for GAT-1. In the present paper we describe the design and synthesis of a novel series of triarylnipecotic acid derivatives for evaluation as GABA uptake inhibitors. The design lead for this series of compounds was the nonselective GABA uptake inhibitor EGYT-3886, [(-)-2-phenyl-2-[(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-(1R)- 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane]. From this series of compounds (S)-1-[2-[tris(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-3-piperidinecarboxylic+ ++ (S)-1-[2-[tris(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-3-piperidinecarboxylic+ ++ acid, 4(S) was identified as a novel ligand with selectivity for GAT-3. 4(S) displayed an IC50 of 5 microM at GAT-3, 21 microM at GAT-2, > 200 microM at GAT-1, and 140 microM at BGT-1. This compound will be an important tool for evaluating the role of GAT-3 in neural function.[3]

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The discriminative stimulus effects of indirect-acting GABAergic drugs were compared to those of pentobarbital (PB) and midazolam in rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg PB from saline under a two-lever fixed-ratio 32 schedule of food reinforcement. PB and midazolam produced dose-dependent substitution for the training dose of PB with response rate reduction only at doses above those producing full substitution. Valproic acid, an antiepileptic drug and GABA transaminase inhibitor, substituted for PB but only at a dose that produced response rate suppression. Vigabatrin, an irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor, failed to substitute for PB, but did produce a dose-dependent decrease in response rates. The GABA uptake inhibitors, 1-[2-[bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-methoxy]ethyl]-1,2,5,6- tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (CI-966) and (R(-)-N-[4,4-bis(3-methylthien-2-yl)but-3-enyl] nipecotic acid HCl (tiagabine), produced no greater than 40% PB-lever responding. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), which is described as a nonselective presynaptic GABA agonist, yielded a maximum of 43% PB-lever responding. These results indicate that the discriminative stimulus effects of the indirect GABAA agonists, PB and midazolam, although similar to one another, differ from those of presynaptic GABAergic drugs. Differences in the discriminative stimulus properties of GABA transaminase inhibitors and uptake inhibitors also exist, indicating that not all presynaptic GABA agonists have similar behavioral profiles. These results contribute to a further understanding of the similarities and differences in the behavioral effects of drugs that enhance GABAergic neurotransmission.[4]

C23H22CLF6NO3

509.87

473.143

C, 58.35; H, 4.47; F, 24.08; N, 2.96; O, 10.14

110283-79-9

CI-966 hydrochloride;110283-66-4

198693

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.34g/cm3

514.1ºC at 760mmHg

264.7ºC

2.16E-11mmHg at 25°C

1.517

5.484

49.77

1

10

7

33

643

0

FC(F)(F)C1C=CC(C(C2C=CC(C(F)(F)F)=CC=2)OCCN2CCC=C(C(O)=O)C2)=CC=1

CMHQDSBIBSKHFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C23H21F6NO3/c24-22(25,26)18-7-3-15(4-8-18)20(16-5-9-19(10-6-16)23(27,28)29)33-13-12-30-11-1-2-17(14-30)21(31)32/h2-10,20H,1,11-14H2,(H,31,32)

1-[2-[bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid

CI966; CI 966; 1-(2-(Bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid; CI966; DTXSID90149194; 1-(2-(Bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methox)ethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyrdinecarboxylic acid; DTXSID30149193; CI-966

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
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6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。