- The target of D-Gluconic acid is the phytopathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal agent of take-all disease) [1]

假单胞菌产生 D-葡萄糖酸，一种简单的糖酸，它是主要的抗真菌代谢物。 Strait AN5 通过生物防治提供针对多种真菌病害的保护 [1]。

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- 菌丝生长抑制：D-Gluconic acid 在体外对禾谷全蚀病菌表现出剂量依赖性抑制活性。在PDA培养基上通过菌落直径测定显示，浓度为5 mM时，菌丝生长抑制率为（32.5±2.3）%；10 mM时抑制率升至（85.1±1.8）%；20 mM时抑制率达（92.4±1.5）% [1]
- 孢子萌发抑制：孢子萌发实验中，5 mM D-Gluconic acid 可使禾谷全蚀病菌孢子萌发率从对照组的（90.2±3.1）%降至（58.6±2.7）%；10 mM时萌发率进一步降至（30.3±2.2）% [1]
- pH介导的抗真菌效应：D-Gluconic acid 可降低培养基pH（10 mM时从pH 7.0降至4.5–5.0）。若用缓冲液将培养基pH回调至7.0，10 mM D-Gluconic acid 的抗真菌活性会降低约40%，表明pH降低是其发挥抗真菌作用的机制之一 [1]

- 小麦全蚀病防治效果：小麦幼苗盆栽实验中，在接种禾谷全蚀病菌前3天，用10 mM D-Gluconic acid 灌根处理，可使病情指数从对照组的（75.0±4.2）%降至（25.3±3.5）%，防治效果达（66.3±2.8）% [1]
- 叶面喷施效果：在真菌接种后2天，对小麦幼苗叶面喷施15 mM D-Gluconic acid，病情指数降至（30.1±3.8）%，防治效果为（60.0±3.1）%。浓度高达20 mM的 D-Gluconic acid 处理未对小麦幼苗产生显著药害（如叶片发黄、植株矮化） [1]

- 几丁质酶活性测定：将禾谷全蚀病菌在含10 mM D-Gluconic acid 的PDA培养基中培养7天，收集菌丝体，用液氮研磨成细粉后，用0.1 M磷酸缓冲液（pH 6.0）提取酶液。取酶液与胶体几丁质底物混合，37℃孵育2小时，加入DNS试剂并沸水浴5分钟。冷却至室温后，测定540 nm处吸光度，以N-乙酰葡糖胺为标准品绘制标准曲线，计算几丁质酶活性 [1]
- β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性测定：取上述菌丝体提取液，与 laminarin 底物（0.5% w/v）在0.1 M乙酸缓冲液（pH 5.0）中混合，40℃孵育1小时后加入DNS试剂，沸水浴5分钟。测定540 nm处吸光度，以葡萄糖为标准品计算β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性 [1]

- 菌丝生长抑制实验：制备含0、5、10、15、20 mM D-Gluconic acid 的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（PDA）培养基。将禾谷全蚀病菌7天龄培养物的5 mm直径菌饼接种到每个PDA平板中央，25℃黑暗培养7天。用直尺测量菌落直径，按公式“[(对照组菌落直径-处理组菌落直径)/对照组菌落直径]×100%”计算菌丝生长抑制率 [1]
- 孢子萌发实验：将禾谷全蚀病菌孢子悬浮于无菌水中，浓度调至1×10⁶ 个/mL。向孢子悬浮液中加入 D-Gluconic acid，使终浓度为0、5、10、15 mM。取10 μL混合液滴于载玻片上，加盖盖玻片后置于湿盒中25℃孵育24小时。在光学显微镜（400×放大倍数）下计数萌发孢子（芽管长度超过孢子直径）和总孢子数，按“(萌发孢子数/总孢子数)×100%”计算孢子萌发率 [1]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
(99)TCM-LABELED GLUCONATE WAS ACCUMULATED RELATIVELY EARLY IN THE KIDNEY, AND ESP IN THE URINARY TRACT.

- Phytotoxicity to Wheat: D-Gluconic acid showed no significant phytotoxicity to wheat seedlings at concentrations up to 20 mM. After 14 days of treatment (soil drenching or foliar spray), the plant height, root length, and fresh weight of wheat seedlings in the treated groups were not significantly different from those in the control group (p > 0.05) [1]
- Effect on Beneficial Microorganisms: D-Gluconic acid (10–20 mM) did not inhibit the growth of beneficial soil microorganisms, including Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens . The colony-forming units (CFUs) of these beneficial bacteria in soil treated with D-Gluconic acid were similar to those in the untreated soil [1]

[1]. Gluconic acid: an antifungal agent produced by Pseudomonas species in biological control of take-all. Phytochemistry. 2006 Mar;67(6):595-604.

Ammonium gluconate is a white solid with a weak odor of ammonia. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)
D-gluconic acid is a gluconic acid having D-configuration. It has a role as a chelator and a Penicillium metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a D-gluconate. It is an enantiomer of a L-gluconic acid.
Commonly found in salts with sodium and calcium. Gluconic acid or gluconate is used to maintain the cation-anion balance on electrolyte solutions.
Gluconic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
Gluconic acid has been reported in Ascochyta medicaginicola, Tricholoma robustum, and other organisms with data available.
Gluconic Acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties. Gluconic acid, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially. This agent and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts. Aqueous gluconic acid solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes. In alkaline solution, this agent exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals.
Gluconic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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Drug Indication
For use as part of electrolyte supplementation in total parenteral nutrition.

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Pharmacodynamics
Used as part of electrolyte salts to maintain cation-anion balance in solutions.

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- Mechanism of Antifungal Action: D-Gluconic acid exerts antifungal activity through two main mechanisms: 1) It releases hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions, lowering the pH of the surrounding environment (to 4.5–5.0) which is unfavorable for the growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; 2) It induces the degradation of fungal cell walls by increasing the activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the fungus, leading to the leakage of intracellular substances and fungal cell death [1]
- Application Background: D-Gluconic acid is a secondary metabolite produced by Pseudomonas species (e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens ). It is used as a natural antifungal agent in the biological control of wheat take-all disease, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides that may cause soil pollution or pesticide resistance [1]

C6H12O7

196.1553

196.058

526-95-4

D-Gluconic acid calcium hydrate;66905-23-5;D-Gluconic acid potassium;299-27-4

10690

Colorless to light yellow liquid

1.23

102 °C

15 °C

375.2±28.0 °C

0.0±4.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.4161

-3.17

138.45

6

7

5

13

170

4

O([H])[C@]([H])([C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])O[H])[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(C(=O)O[H])O[H])O[H]

RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-/m1/s1

(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~509.79 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。