假单胞菌产生葡萄糖酸钾，这是一种简单的糖酸，是主要的抗真菌代谢物。 Strait AN5 通过生物防治提供针对多种真菌病害的保护 [1]。

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Potassium is rapidly and well absorbed. A 2016 dose-response trial found that humans absorb about 94% of potassium gluconate in supplements, and this absorption rate is similar to that of potassium from potatoes.
90% of potassium is eliminated via the kidneys. A small amount is eliminated in feces and sweat.
Distribution is largely intracellular, but it is the intravascular concentration that is primarily responsible for toxicity.
Potassium is freely filtered by the glomerulus in the kidney. The majority of filtered potassium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Less than 10% of the filtered load reaches the distal nephron. In the proximal tubule of the nephron, potassium absorption is mainly passive and proportional to Na+ and water. K+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle occurs through both transcellular and paracellular pathways. The transcellular component is regulated by potassium transport on the apical membrane Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter. The secretion of potassium begins in the early distal convoluted tubule of the nephron and progressively increases along the distal nephron into the cortical collecting duct. Most urinary K+ can be accounted for by electrogenic K+ secretion mediated by principal cells in the initial collecting duct and the cortical collecting duct. An electroneutral K+ and Cl− cotransport mechanism is also present on the apical surface of the distal nephron. Under conditions of potassium deficiency, reabsorption of the cation occurs in the collecting duct. This process is regulated by the upregulation in the apically located H+-K+-ATPase on α-intercalated cells.

[1]. Gluconic acid: an antifungal agent produced by Pseudomonas species in biological control of take-all. Phytochemistry. 2006 Mar;67(6):595-604.

Potassium gluconate is a L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->7)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->3)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1->5)-alpha-Kdo.
Potassium gluconate is a salt of [DB01345] and is classified as a food additive by the FDA. It is also used as a potassium supplement. Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid, where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function. In dietary supplements, potassium is often present as potassium chloride, but many other forms—including potassium citrate, phosphate, aspartate, bicarbonate, and **gluconate**—are also used. Potassium gluconate is believed to be more palatable and non-acidifying than potassium chloride (KCl).

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Drug Indication
Because of potassium’s wide-ranging roles in the body, low intakes can increase the risk of illness. Potassium supplements are indicated to prevent hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop (e.g., digitalis treated patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias). Potassium deficiency occurs when the rate of loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract is higher than the rate of potassium intake. In addition to serving as a preventative supplement, potassium gluconate also serves as a treatment for decreased potassium levels,,.

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Mechanism of Action
Potassium is the most abundant cation (approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter) within human cells. Intracellular sodium content is relatively low. In the extracellular fluid, sodium predominates and the potassium content is low (3.5 to 5 mEq per liter). A membrane-bound enzyme, sodium-potassium–activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na +K +ATPase), actively transports or pumps sodium out and potassium into cells to maintain the concentration gradients. The intracellular to extracellular potassium gradients are necessary for nerve impulse signaling in such specialized tissues as the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, and for the maintenance of physiologic renal function and maintenance of acid-base balance. High intracellular potassium concentrations are necessary for numerous cellular metabolic processes. Intracellular K+ serves as a reservoir to limit the fall in extracellular potassium concentrations occurring under pathologic conditions with loss of potassium from the body.

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Therapeutic Uses
IRRESPECTIVE OF THE SALT USED, POTASSIUM IS COMPLETELY DISSOCIABLE & HENCE IS UNAFFECTED IN ITS IRRITANT ACTIONS & ABSORPTION BY THE ANION IN THE COMPD. /POTASSIUM SALTS/
A SOURCE OF POTASSIUM FOR MGMNT OF HYPOKALEMIC STATES, SUCH AS OCCUR CONSEQUENT TO ADRENOCORTICOID THERAPY OR USE OF THIAZIDE DIURETICS, OR FOR DELIBERATE PRODN OF HYPERKALEMIA, AS FOR TREATMENT OF DIGITALIS INTOXICATION.
...USED TO TREAT HYPOKALEMIA ASSOC WITH HYPERCHLOREMIA (EG RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS, HYPOKALEMIA ASSOC WITH ACIDOSIS). IF...USED IN PT WITH HYPOKALEMIC HYPOCHLOREMIC ALKALOSIS, A SOURCE OF CHLORIDE ION (EG, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) SHOULD BE PROVIDED. /POTASSIUM PREPN/

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Drug Warnings
SUGAR-COATED POTASSIUM GLUCONATE TABLETS DISSOLVE @ HIGHER LEVEL /IN GI TRACT/ THAN DO ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE BUT, BY THIS VERY FACT, ARE FREE TO CAUSE THE IRRITATION FOR WHICH CHLORIDE TABLET WAS COATED. /THUS/...GLUCONATE HAS NO ADVANTAGE OVER NONENTERIC-COATED POTASSIUM CHLORIDE TABLETS.
A FULL GLASS OF WATER TAKEN WITH /POTASSIUM GLUCONATE/...GREATLY REDUCES THE IRRITANT EFFECTS... HYPOCHLOREMIA IS FREQUENT ACCOMPANIMENT OF HYPOKALEMIA; IN SUCH INSTANCES /POTASSIUM/ CHLORIDE IS DEFINITELY PREFERRED /OVER POTASSIUM GLUCONATE/.
...SINCE GLUCONATE METABOLIZES TO BICARBONATE, IT CONTRIBUTES TO ALKALOSIS, WHICH MAY BE...PRESENT IN HYPOKALEMIA. THUS IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO FIND SITUATIONS IN WHICH GLUCONATE WOULD BE SUPERIOR /TO POTASSIUM CHLORIDE/.

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Pharmacodynamics
Potassium is an essential nutrient. It is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, where it plays a key role in maintaining cell function, especially in excitable cells such as skeletal muscles, the heart, and nerves. Increases in interstitial potassium play an important role in eliciting rapid vasodilation, allowing for blood flow to increase in exercising muscle.

C6H11KO7

234.25

234.014

299-27-4

D-Gluconic acid calcium hydrate;66905-23-5;D-Gluconic acid (solution);526-95-4

16760467

White to off-white solid powder

1.73 g/cm3

673.6ºC at 760 mmHg

183 °C (dec.)(lit.)

375.2ºC

141.28

5

7

5

14

176

4

C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[K+]

HLCFGWHYROZGBI-JJKGCWMISA-M

InChI=1S/C6H12O7.K/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;+1/p-1/t2-,3-,4+,5-;/m1./s1

potassium;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate

Kalium Gluconate; K-Iao; HSDB 3165

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~426.89 mM)
DMSO : ~1.25 mg/mL (~5.34 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。