NOS （IC50 = 70 μM）

一氧化氮合酶 (NOS) 活性通常受到 L-精氨酸类似物的抑制，其中 L-NAME（Nw-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯）最为有效 [2]。 L-NAME 新鲜溶解时是一种纯脑 NOS 抑制剂，平均 IC50 为 70 μM，比 L-NOARG (IC50 = 1.4 μM) 低 50 倍。尽管如此，L-NAME 的表观抑制效力与 L-NOARG 相当。如果需要较长时间，请在中性或碱性 pH 值下孵育。根据 HPLC 研究，该药物水解为 L-NOARG 与 L-NAME 对 NOS 的抑制密切相关 [1]。

L-NAME盐酸盐可用于在动物模型中诱导高血压[6]
致病原理：L-NAME盐酸盐通过减少动物体内一氧化氮（NO）的释放和抑制内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）的活性引起高血压。
小鼠是研究心血管疾病遗传基础最常用的动物。然而，这种动物心血管功能的调节机制尚不清楚。本研究的目的是评估使用Nomega-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）抑制NO诱导的高血压小鼠的压力反射、Bezold-Jarisch心肺反射（BJR）和化学反射。在麻醉（氨基甲酸乙酯，1mg/g IP）下测量的L-NAME（400微克/g IP，持续7天）治疗（HT）小鼠（n=7）的基础平均动脉压（MAP）明显高于赋形剂治疗（NT；n=10）动物（126+/-9对79+/-2 mm Hg），心率（HR）没有差异。与NT小鼠相比，HT小鼠使用苯肾上腺素（1微克/克静脉注射）评估的压力反射敏感性增强（-9.8+/-1.4对-4.9+/-0.5 bpm/mm Hg）。与NT动物（MAP，-38+/-5%；HR，-66+/-2%）相比，HT动物由苯双胍（40 ng/g IV）诱导的BJR显著减弱（MAP，-13+/-5%；心率，-39+/-6%）。与NT动物相比（MAP，+29+/-4%；HR，-15+/-4%），HT动物（MAP，+14+/-4%；心率，-8+/-2%）由氰化钾（0.26微克/克静脉注射）诱导的化学反射明显减弱。正如在大鼠中观察到的那样，小鼠一氧化氮合酶的慢性抑制会导致动脉高血压。压力反射敏感性的增强和BJR和化学反射的减弱似乎主要是由NO合成的抑制引起的，因为个体分析没有显示这些反射的变化与HT组的MAP水平呈正相关[6]。

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胃肠外精氨酸和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）的联合治疗已被证明可以改善亚急性腹膜炎大鼠的肝功能和全身炎症。在这里，我们研究了单次和联合注射精氨酸和L-NAME治疗对白细胞和脾细胞免疫的影响。雄性Wistar大鼠接受盲肠穿刺，并静脉注射全胃肠外营养溶液，补充或不补充精氨酸和/或L-NAME，持续7天。未经盲肠穿刺的非手术和假手术大鼠分别给予食物和肠外营养。肠外喂养增加了白细胞数量，亚急性腹膜炎增加了肠外营养引起的体重增加、脾肿大和脾细胞减少的变化。肠外精氨酸显著提高了B白细胞水平，降低了自然杀伤T（NKT）白细胞和脾细胞水平，减轻了体重增加和总T淋巴细胞和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞水平的下降，并减轻了T淋巴细胞血浆硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐和干扰素γ产量的增加。L-NAME输注显著降低了NKT白细胞水平、T脾细胞和巨噬细胞产生的肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、T白细胞、单核细胞和T脾细胞产生的干扰素γ，并增加了T白细胞和单核细胞产生的白细胞介素-6和T白细胞产生的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐。联合治疗显著降低了血浆硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐、NKT白细胞水平和T脾细胞产生的TNF-α。在亚急性腹膜炎大鼠的联合治疗中，肠外精氨酸可以减轻免疫损伤，L-NAME输注可以增强白细胞促炎反应，消除脾细胞促炎和T辅助1反应，并减少精氨酸诱导的免疫调节[3]。

1.L-精氨酸衍生物NG-硝基-L-精氨酸（L-NOARG）和NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）已被广泛用于抑制不同生物系统中的组成型一氧化氮合酶（NOS）。这项工作是为了研究L-NAME是NOS的直接抑制剂，还是需要对L-NOARG进行水解生物活化才能抑制酶。2.一剂L-NAME和L-NOARG（0.25微摩尔）在相同程度上增加了大鼠离体心脏的冠状动脉灌注压（21+/-0.8 mmHg；n=5），但在添加L-NOARG后，这种作用比L-NAME发展得更快（平均半衰期：0.7 vs 4.2分钟）。L-NAME抑制作用的时间依赖性开始与冠状动脉流出液中L-NOARG的出现平行。3.新溶解的L-NAME对纯化脑NOS的抑制作用（平均IC50=70μM）比L-NOARG（IC50=1.4μM）低50倍，但在中性或碱性pH下长时间孵育后，L-NAME的表观抑制作用接近L-NOARG.H.p.L.c.分析表明，L-NAME对NOS的抑制与药物水解为L-NOARGs密切相关。4.新溶解的L-NAME含有2%的L-NOARG，在缓冲液（pH 7.4）中水解半衰期为365+/-11.2分钟，在人血浆中为207+/-1.7分钟，在全血中为29+/-2.2分钟（每种情况下n=3）。当L-NAME在血浆或缓冲液中预孵育时，NOS的抑制与L-NOARG的形成成正比，但在血液中，抑制作用远低于L-NAME水解速率的预期。这可以用血细胞中L-NOARG的积累来解释。5.这些结果表明，L-NAME代表了一种缺乏NOS抑制活性的前药，除非它被水解为L-NOARG。L-NAME的生物活化在生理缓冲液中以中等速率进行，但在血液或血管内皮等组织中明显加速[1]。

L-精氨酸类似物在体外和体内都是广泛使用的一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性抑制剂，其中N（ω）-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）居于首位。一方面，由于一氧化氮（NO）生物利用度降低，急性和慢性L-NAME治疗会导致血压和血管反应性的变化。然而，如果给药时间较长，较低剂量的L-NAME也可能通过反馈调节机制激活NO的产生。在NOS表达和活性方面都观察到了这种L-NAME诱导的激活，并揭示了特定组织之间NO产生的调节机制存在相当大的差异，具体取决于L-NAME的量。此外，在高血压条件下，L-NAME对NO产生的反馈激活似乎受到不同程度的调节。本综述总结了NOS调节的机制，以便更好地理解当前文献中发现的明显差异[2]。

There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide may be involved in learning and memory. However, there remain comparatively few studies that have explored the relationship between nitric oxide signaling and fear extinction, an inhibitory learning model. In the present study, we tested the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME on three tone fear extinction tasks in rats. In task 1, rats received fear conditioning, extinction training and extinction test in the same context (AAA design). In task 2, rats received fear conditioning in context A, extinction training in context B and extinction test in context A (ABA design). In task 3, rats received fear conditioning in context A, extinction training and extinction test in context B (ABB design). l-NAME (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min prior to extinction training in each task. Percent of time spent freezing was used to measure conditioned fear response. We found that l-NAME administrations had no effect on freezing in task 1 and 2 but produced a dose-dependent increase in task 3. Further results indicated that the increased freezing in task 3 was not attributed to state-dependency effects or nonspecific changes of locomotor activity that followed l-NAME injection. These results showed that l-NAME produced a task-dependent impairment of fear extinction, and implied that nitric oxide signaling was involved in memory process of certain extinction tasks.[4]

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Chronic NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration induces cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models. Our aims is to determine the role of c-kit expression in L-NAME induced cardiac hypertrophy. 12-20 week old C57BL/6J mice (5 per group) were administered L-NAME (0.325mg/ml) in the drinking water. Hearts were excised at 1-day, 2-days, 5-days, 2-weeks or 6-weeks; or controls which received no L-NAME. Ventricular cross-sectional wall thickness and individual cardiac myocytes cross-sectional area and cardiomyocyte/nuclear ratio to determine cardiac hypertrophy. Immuno-histochemical staining for c-kit, sca-1 and BCRP undertaken. Six weeks L-NAME administration induced significant cardiac hypertrophy compared to control hearts, evidenced by an increase in the thickness of the cross-sectional free ventricular wall (p<0.05) and an increase in mean individual cross-sectional area of cardiac myocytes in the LV wall (p<0.007). We observed c-kit(+) cells (predominately non-mast cell sub-types) in both healthy mice and in the L-NAME treated mice. C-kit staining in the left ventricular cross sections following L-NAME remained stable at 1 and 2 days compared to controls (p=NS). After 5 days of L-NAME we observed c-kit expression to decrease below control levels (p<0.05) and these lower levels were sustained at 2 and 6 weeks. C-kit expression does not decrease during two days of L-NAME administration, suggesting, firstly, that the later decrease in c-kit is not due to NOS inhibition directly and, secondly, there is the possibility for c-kit(+) cell differentiation into other cell types, possibly inducing myocardial cellular hyperplasia, without significant replacement of the original pool of c-kit(+) cells.[5]

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Despite major scientific advances in its prevention, treatment and care, hypertension remains a serious condition that might lead to long-term complications such as heart disease and stroke. The great majority of forms of hypertension eventually result from an increased vasomotor tone activity that is regulated by endothelial NOS (eNOS) in vascular endothelium. Here, we examined the effect of fucoidan on eNOS activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We also examined the effects of functional components of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan on blood pressure and vascular function in eNOS inhibition-induced hypertensive rats in vivo. Our results suggest that fucoidan increased nitric oxide production by activating eNOS and Akt phosphorylation, which could be impaired by Akt or eNOS inhibitors. In the hypertensive rat model, treatment of fucoidan resulted in potent and persistent reduction of high blood pressure (BP) even after drug withdrawal. Our results showed that the mechanisms might involve protection against vascular structure damage, enhanced endothelium-independent vascular function and inhibition of abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells, which are mediated by the Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Moreover, fucoidan treatment reduced the vascular inflammation and oxidative stress control caused by iNOS expression. Together, these results support a putative role of fucoidan in hypertension prevention and treatment.[7]

[1]. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME): requirement forbioactivation to the free acid, NG-nitro-L-arginine. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Jul;118(6):1433-40.

[2]. L-NAME in the cardiovascular system - nitric oxide synthase activator? Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(3):511-20.

[3]. The Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester Diminishes the Immunomodulatory Effects of Parental Arginine in Rats with Subacute Peritonitis. PLoSOne. 2016 Mar 23;11(3):e0151973.

[4]. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME on fear extinction in rats: a task-dependent effect. Neurosci Lett. 2014 Jun 20;572:13-8.

[5]. Chronic NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in C57BL/6J mice induces a sustained decrease in c-kit positive cells during development of cardiac hypertrophy. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013 Dec;64(6):727-36.

[6]. Cardiovascular neural reflexes in L-NAME-induced hypertension in mice. Hypertension. 2001, 38, 3.

[7]. Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida prevents vascular dysfunction through PI3K/Akt/eNOS-dependent mechanisms in the l-NAME-induced hypertensive rat model. Food Funct. 2016, 7, 5.

N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester is an alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine. It has a role as an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor. It is an alpha-amino acid ester, a L-arginine derivative, a N-nitro compound and a methyl ester. It is a conjugate base of a N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(1+).
L-NAME has been investigated for the treatment of Hypotension and Spinal Cord Injury.
A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

C7H15N5O4

233.2251

233.112

C, 36.05; H, 6.48; N, 30.03; O, 27.44

50903-99-6

51298-62-5 (HCl); 50903-99-6; 50912-92-0 (D-NAME)

39836

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.48g/cm3

383.5ºC at 760mmHg

185.8ºC

0.677

146.05

3

6

7

16

274

1

COC(=O)C(CCCN=C(N)N[N+](=O)[O-])N

KCWZGJVSDFYRIX-YFKPBYRVSA-N

InChI=1S/C7H15N5O4/c1-16-6(13)5(8)3-2-4-10-7(9)11-12(14)15/h5H,2-4,8H2,1H3,(H3,9,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1

methyl (2S)-2-amino-5-[[amino(nitramido)methylidene]amino]pentanoate

L-NAME; NG-NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; 50903-99-6; N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; N-Nitroarginine methyl ester; N(G)-Nitroarginine methyl ester; Ng-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; N-Nitro-L-arginine methylester;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
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6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。