Calcium carbonate   中文名称: 碳酸钙

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Maximal absorption occurs at doses of 500 mg or less taken with food. Oral bioavailability depends on intestinal pH, the presence of food and dosage.
Excreted mainly in the feces. The majority of renally filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Also secreted by sweat glands.
Calcium is rapidly distributed taken up by skeletal tissues following absorption and distribution into extracellular fluids. Bone contains 99% of the body's calcium and the remaining 1% is approximately equally distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Calcium absorption is best when a person consumes no more than 500 mg at one time. So a person who takes 1,000 mg/day of calcium from supplements, for example, should split the dose rather than take it all at once.
Amount of calcium absorbed from calcium carbonate is usually stated to be 10%, but ... depends upon amount of gastric acid; in 1 study, 0-2% of single 2 g dose was ... absorbed in achlorhydric persons, 9-16% in normal subjects, and 11-37% in patients with peptic ulcer ...
Fraction absorbed seems to be nearly the same when CaCO3 is given chronically in daily doses of 20 g /as when it is given in single 2 g dose/. ... Amount absorbed probably reaches a plateau at a dose of about 20 g.
... Increased calcium excretion almost always follows admin of antacid doses of calcium carbonate ...
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
None.
After ingestion /of CaCO3 tablets/, it is converted to sol calcium salts in stomach, and calcium is thereby made available for absorption.

Interactions
... A mixture of 2 parts magnesium oxide and 1 part calcium carbonate produces relatively normal stool for many patients.
Milk-alkali syndrome may occur after prolonged admin of calcium carbonate with concomitant use of sodium bicarbonate and/or homogenized milk containing Vit D.
Certain anions in antacids (carbonate and hydroxide) ... are thought to form insoluble complexes when combined with iron. A study evaluating the effect of antacids and iron absorption used patients with mild iron deficiency and found that when Mylanta II (5 mL) was given with 10 mg of iron, the increase in plasma iron seen two hours after the dose was not significantly different from the iron level seen two hours after a control dose. ... calcium carbonate 500 mg also decreased the two-hour plasma levels, with serum iron levels attaining only one-third of the control dose.
Concurrent use of excessive amounts of /alcohol, caffeine (usually more than 8 cups of coffee a day), or tobacco/ has been reported to decrease calcium absorption.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Mouse oral 6450 mg/kg bw
LD50 Rat oral 6450 mg/kg

Calcium carbonate appears as white, odorless powder or colorless crystals. Practically insoluble in water. Occurs extensive in rocks world-wide. Ground calcium carbonate (CAS: 1317-65-3) results directly from the mining of limestone. The extraction process keeps the carbonate very close to its original state of purity and delivers a finely ground product either in dry or slurry form. Precipitated calcium carbonate (CAS: 471-34-1) is produced industrially by the decomposition of limestone to calcium oxide followed by subsequent recarbonization or as a by-product of the Solvay process (which is used to make sodium carbonate). Precipitated calcium carbonate is purer than ground calcium carbonate and has different (and tailorable) handling properties.
Calcium carbonate is a calcium salt with formula CCaO3. It has a role as an antacid, a food colouring, a food firming agent and a fertilizer. It is a calcium salt, a carbonate salt, a one-carbon compound and an inorganic calcium salt.
Calcium carbonate is an inorganic salt used as an antacid. It is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin. An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects. Calcium carbonate may also be used as a nutritional supplement or to treat hypocalcemia.
Calcium Carbonate is the carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis, as an antacid in gastric hyperacidity for temporary relief of indigestion and heartburn, and as a calcium supplement for preventing and treating osteoporosis. (NCI04)
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
See also: Calcium (has active moiety); Calcium Cation (has active moiety); Carbonate Ion (has active moiety) ... View More ...

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Drug Indication
For relief of heartburn and acid indigestion. May also be used as a nutritional supplement or to treat hypocalcemia.

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Mechanism of Action
Calcium carbonate is a basic inorganic salt that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. It also inhibits the action of pepsin by increasing the pH and via adsorption. Cytoprotective effects may occur through increases in bicarbonate ion (HCO₃^-) and prostaglandins. Neutralization of hydrochloric acid results in the formation of calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. Approximately 90% of calcium chloride is converted to insoluble calcium salts (e.g. calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate).

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Therapeutic Uses
Mesh Heading: Antacids
/EXPL THER/ The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a fibrin matrix enhances the osteogenic differentiation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) seeded into mineralised scaffolds. Porous calcium carbonate scaffolds were droplet seeded with hBMSCs using a matrix containing 3 % fibrinogen and cultured for 3 weeks. Seeded scaffolds without the fibrin matrix served as controls. The scaffolds were evaluated, using undecalcified thick sections, for fluorescence staining for nuclei, osteocalcin (OC) and VEGF. The sections were systematically scanned using optical sectioning and three dimensional distributions of cells and positive staining indicating expression of OC and VEGF were reconstructed from the z-stacks. The fibrin matrix maintained a significantly higher level of cell numbers after 2 d and 1 week and delayed the onset of osteogenic differentiation while sustaining a significantly higher level of OC and VEGF expression after 2 and 3 weeks, starting from the periphery of the scaffolds. There was a decrease in cell density from the periphery to the centre of the scaffolds in both groups. The percentage of cells expressing OC and VEGF was significantly different between the centre and the periphery of the scaffolds in the fibrin(+) group but not in the controls. It is concluded that the fibrin matrix used appears to be a useful adjunct for supporting and sustaining osteogenic and angiogenic activity of hBMSCs in tissue engineered constructs. This could help to improve their performance in a clinical setting.
/EXPL THER/ Thirty coral-derived calcium carbonate-based macroporous constructs with limited hydrothermal conversion to hydroxyapatite (7% HA/CC) were implanted in the rectus abdominis of three adult non-human primate Papio ursinus to investigate the intrinsic induction of bone formation. Macroporous constructs with 125 ug human recombinant osteogenic protein-1 (hOP-1) or 125 ug human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta(3) (hTGF-beta(3)) were also implanted. The potential synergistic interaction between morphogens was tested by implanting binary applications of hOP-1 and hTGF-beta(3) 5:1 by weight, respectively. To evaluate the role of osteoclastic activity on the implanted macroporous surfaces, coral-derived constructs were pre-loaded with 0.24 mg of bisphosphonate zoledronate (Zometa). To correlate the morphology of tissue induction with osteogenic gene expression and activation, harvested specimens on day 90 were analyzed for changes in OP-1 and TGF-beta(3) mRNA synthesis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The induction of bone formation in 7% HA/CC solo correlated with OP-1 expression. Massive bone induction formed by binary applications of the recombinant morphogens. Single applications of hOP-1 and hTGF-beta(3) also resulted in substantial bone formation, not comparable however to synergistic binary applications. Zoledronate-treated macroporous constructs showed limited bone formation and in two specimens bone formation was altogether absent; qRT-PCR showed a prominent reduction of OP-1 gene expression whilst TGF-beta(3) expression was far greater than OP-1. The lack of bone formation by zoledronate-treated specimens indicates that osteoclastic activity on the implanted coral-derived constructs is critical for the spontaneous induction of bone formation. Indirectly, zoledronate-treated samples showing lack of OP-1 gene expression and absent or very limited bone formation by induction confirm that the spontaneous induction of bone formation by coral-derived macroporous constructs is initiated by secreted BMPs/OPs, in context the OP-1 isoform.
/EXPL THER/ Calcium is an essential cotherapy in osteoporosis treatment. The relative effectiveness of various calcium salts for this purpose is uncertain. Many older women with osteoporosis have phosphorus intakes of <70% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance. /The study's/ objective was to test the hypothesis that calcium phosphate would better support anabolic bone building than would calcium carbonate. This study was a 12-mo, randomized, positive-comparator, 2-arm, single-blind clinical trial in 211 patients treated with teriparatide who consumed <1000 mg phosphorus/d. Participants were randomly assigned to receive, in addition to teriparatide and 1000 IU cholecalciferol, 1800 mg calcium/d as either tricalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. The primary endpoints were changes in lumbar spine and total hip bone mineral densities (BMDs); secondary endpoints were changes in bone resorption biomarkers and serum and urine calcium and phosphorus concentrations. In the combined group, the lumbar spine BMD increased by 7.2%, and total hip BMD increased by 2.1% (P < 0.01 for both). However, there was no significant difference between calcium-treatment groups, and there were no significant between-group differences in serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations or in urine calcium concentrations. Bone resorption biomarkers increased in both groups, as expected with teriparatide, but the increases in the 2 calcium groups did not differ significantly.Tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate appear to be approximately equally effective in supporting bone building with a potent anabolic agent; phosphate salt may be preferable in patients with restricted phosphorus intakes.
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
Large doses of calcium carbonate (above 2 g) increase gastric secretion for a period of time that considerably outlasts elevation of pH. ... With single doses below 2 g, this effect is negligible.
After ingestion /of CaCO3 tablets/, it is converted to sol calcium salts in bowel, and calcium is thereby made available for absorption. Patients with achlorhydria may not solubilize calcium from ... preparation.
Gastric hypersecretory action is counter productive and may possibly account for various reports that calcium carbonate is less efficacious than other antacids. Calcium carbonate has been known to cause fecal concretions.
Constipating effects and chalky taste of calcium carbonate are clinically disadvantageous.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Gastric-peptic disease occurs as a result of an imbalance between protective factors, such as mucus, bicarbonate, and prostaglandin secretion, and aggressive factors, such as hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Antacids work by restoring acid-base balance, attenuating the pepsin activity and increasing bicarbonate and prostaglandin secretion. The acid-neutralizing capacity of calcium carbonate is 58 mEq/15 ml. When used as a nutritional supplement, calcium carbonate acts by directly increasing calcium stores within the body.

CCAO3

100.09

101.962

471-34-1

10112

White hexagonal crystals or powder (Calcite); white orthrombic crystals or powder (Argonite); colorless hexagonal crystals (vaterite)

2.93 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

800 °C

825 °C

197ºC

1.6583

63.19

0

3

0

5

18.8

0

[Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)[O-]

VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L

InChI=1S/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2

calcium;carbonate

BRT 1500; Aeromatt; Calcium carbonate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。