Human Endogenous Metabolite

当存在组胺时，培养物中的人类关节软骨细胞增殖更多。许多细胞类型，包括软骨细胞、成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞、内皮细胞、上皮细胞和 T 细胞，在体外暴露于组胺时表现出行为改变。此外，组胺影响许多细胞因子受体的表达以及它们的产生量。组胺受体的表达使组胺能够控制各种细胞功能。组胺在体外刺激组氨酸脱羧酶 (HAC) 产生基质金属蛋白酶 (MMP)-13 和 -3（分别是胶原酶 3 和基质溶素-1）[1]。

组胺可用于构建动物疾病模型，如胃肠溃疡模型。静脉注射盐酸组胺后，肝脏和肝肿瘤组织中组胺的最大浓度和AUC高于皮下组织[4]
诱发胃肠道溃疡[5]
1） 致病原理
组胺可导致胃酸分泌增加、粘液分泌减少、胰腺反流、胃血流不良，最终导致胃溃疡。压力也会增加胃肠蠕动，使胃褶皱在接触酸时更容易受损
2） 具体方法
豚鼠：雄性•白化•360-420克
给药：5mg/kg•腹腔注射•单次剂量
3） 胃肠道溃疡模型成功构建的指标
溃疡呈点状或细长状。在解剖模型后，在显微镜下测量溃疡指数（病变长度）为3.4mm。

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组胺是已知的过敏和炎症反应的贡献者，也是许多生理功能的关键调节因子，如血管生成、血管通透性和细胞增殖[1]。组胺会导致小静脉通透性增加，同时扩张血管系统并促进血液流动。血管内皮钙粘蛋白（VE-cadherin）在内皮细胞连接处的位置变化表明其破坏了小静脉的内皮屏障形成[3]

在 80 cm² 培养瓶中，使用 10% 胎牛血清 (FCS) 和 Dulbecco 改良 Eagle 培养基 (DMEM) 使细胞生长至汇合。在第一次或第二次传代时，将细胞以大约 2×10³ 细胞/孔的密度接种到 96 孔培养板中。一天后，用 DMEM + 2% FCS（对照）或 DMEM + 2% FCS 加组胺（浓度为 1-100 μmol/l）处理细胞（每次处理至少需要 8 个孔）。每 48 小时更换一次培养基（无论是否含有），六天后计算细胞生长率。

New Zealand adult healthy albino rabbits 50, 100, 200 μg/kg s.c.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Readily absorbed after parenteral administration.
HISTAMINE IS READILY ABSORBED AFTER PARENTERAL INJECTION...
THE VARIOUS METAB, WHICH HAVE LITTLE OR NO PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, ARE EXCRETED IN URINE.
HISTAMINE & N-METHYLHISTAMINE ACCUM IN TISSUE DEPOTS.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Primarily hepatic. Histamine is rapidly metabolized by methylation and oxidation. Methylation involves ring methylation and catalyzation by the enzyme histamine-N-methyltransferase, producing N-methylhistamine, which is mostly converted to N-methyl imidazole acetic acid. 2 to 3% excreted as free histamine, 4 to 8% as N-methylhistamine, 42 to 47% as N-methyl imidazole acetic acid, 9 to 11% as imidazole acetic acid, and 16 to 23% as imidazole acetic acid riboside.
IN MAN THERE ARE 2 MAJOR PATHS OF HISTAMINE METAB. MORE IMPORTANT ONE INVOLVES RING METHYLATION & IS CATALYZED BY...HISTAMINE-N-METHYLTRANSFERASE (IMIDAZOLE-N-METHYLTRANSFERASE, INMT). MOST OF PRODUCT, METHYLHISTAMINE, IS CONVERTED BY MONOAMINE OXIDASE TO METHYL IMIDAZOLE ACETIC ACID (METHYL IMAA).
IN OTHER PATH, HISTAMINE UNDERGOES OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION CATALYZED MAINLY BY DIAMINOXIDASE (DAO), ALSO CALLED "HISTAMINASE"... THE PRODUCTS ARE IMIDAZOLE ACETIC ACID (IMAA) &, EVENTUALLY, ITS RIBOSIDE.
.../MUCH OF VERY LARGE AMT OF HISTAMINE GIVEN ORALLY/ IS CONVERTED BY INTESTINAL BACTERIA TO N-ACETYLHISTAMINE.

Interactions
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF METHAMIDE (POTENT H2 ANTAGONIST) ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION ELICITED BY CONTINUOUS HISTAMINE IV INFUSION IN MAX EFFECTIVE DOSE (20 UMOLE/HR) IN DOGS IS SHOWN TO BE APPROX 20%/10 UMOLE/KG AFTER 1.5 HR. COMPARABLE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED IN NORMAL HUMANS IN SAME STUDY. /H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, FROM TABLE/
IN GUINEA PIGS, DEATH BY ASPHYXIA FOLLOWS QUITE SMALL DOSES OF HISTAMINE, YET ANIMAL MAY SURVIVE A HUNDRED LETHAL DOSES OF HISTAMINE IF GIVEN AN H1-BLOCKING DRUG. IN SAME SPECIES, H1 ANTAGONISTS OFFER STRIKING PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLACTIC BRONCHOSPASM, BUT THIS IS NOT SO IN MAN... /H1-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS/

[1]. Ann Rheum Dis . 2003 Oct;62(10):991-4.

[2]. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2010, 3(2): 112-116.

[3]. PLoS One . 2015 Jul 9;10(7):e0132367.

[4]. Histamine pharmacokinetics in tumor and host tissues after bolus-dose administration in the rat. Life Sci. 2002 Jan 11;70(8):969-76.
[5]. Effects of cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on various experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers. Am J Dig Dis. 1977 Aug;22(8):677-84.

Histamine is a member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group. It has a role as a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a neurotransmitter. It is an aralkylamino compound and a member of imidazoles. It is a conjugate base of a histaminium.
A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
Histamine has been reported in Cynanchum caudatum, Phytolacca japonica, and other organisms with data available.
Histamine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
See also: Histamine Dihydrochloride (has salt form); Histamine Phosphate (has salt form); Acetylcholine Chloride; Histamine; Serotonin (component of) ... View More ...

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Drug Indication
Histamine phosphate is indicated as a diagnostic aid for the evaluation of gastric acid secretory function.

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Mechanism of Action
Histamine acts directly on the blood vessels to dilate arteries and capillaries; this action is mediated by both H 1- and H 2-receptors. Capillary dilatation may produce flushing of the face, a decrease in systemic blood pressure, and gastric gland secretion, causing an increased secretion of gastric juice of high acidity. Increased capillary permeability accompanies capillary dilatation, producing an outward passage of plasma protein and fluid into the extracellular spaces, an increase in lymph flow and protein content, and the formation of edema. In addition, histamine has a direct stimulant action on smooth muscle, producing contraction if H 1-receptors are activated, or mostly relaxation if H 2-receptors are activated. Also in humans, the stimulant effect of histamine may cause contraction of the intestinal muscle. However, little effect is noticed on the uterus, bladder, or gallbladder. Histamine has some stimulant effect on duodenal, salivary, pancreatic, bronchial, and lacrimal glands. Histamine also can bind to H3 and H4 receptors which are involved in the CNS/PNS neurotransmitter release and immune system chemotaxis, respectively.
...CONTRACTS MANY SMOOTH MUSCLES, SUCH AS...BRONCHI & GUT, BUT...RELAXES OTHERS...OF FINE BLOOD VESSELS. IT IS...POTENT STIMULUS TO GASTRIC ACID PRODUCTION & ELICITS...OTHER EXOCRINE SECRETIONS. ...BRONCHOCONSTRICTION & CONTRACTION OF GUT...INVOLVE H1 RECEPTORS...GASTRIC SECRETION...INVOLVE ACTIVATION OF H2 RECEPTORS...
...AT CELLULAR LEVEL, MANY RESPONSES TO HISTAMINE ARE CLEARLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO INCR IN MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY THAT ALLOWS COMMON INORG IONS (MAINLY CATIONS) TO FLOW DOWN ELECTROCHEM GRADIENTS & ALTER TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL. IT DOUBTLESS EXPLAINS STIMULANT ACTIONS...OF HISTAMINE ON NERVE ENDINGS OR GANGLION CELLS...
...ESSENTIALLY SIMILAR ACTION /TO THAT AT CELLULAR LEVEL/ APPEARS TO ACCOUNT FOR SECRETION, AT LEAST AS IT OCCURS IN CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA. HERE HISTAMINE...MIMIC PHYSIOLOGICAL SECRETAGOGUE ACH IN DEPOLARIZING THE PLASMALEMMA.
MODE OF ACTION OF HISTAMINE...TO PRODUCE SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION, INCL VASODILATION, HAS NOT BEEN DEFINED.
CLASSICAL...ANTIHISTAMINES ARE...CAPABLE OF BLOCKING...H1 RECEPTORS ONLY... H2 RECEPTORS...ARE INHIBITED PREFERENTIALLY BY H2-RECEPTORS ANTAGONISTS.

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Therapeutic Uses
EXPTL USE: IN VET MEDICINE PRIMARILY FOR EXPTL PRODN OF ULCERS IN DOGS & HOGS, & OCCASIONALLY TO DETERMINE STATUS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION IN STOMACH OF DOGS BY USE OF "DIAGNEX BLUE-TEST" OR "GASTRO-TEST"...
EXPTL USE: ...ATTEMPTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO DESENSITIZE PT /TO HISTAMINE ALLERGIES/ WITH COURSES OF HISTAMINE INJECTIONS. THERE IS NO EXPTL EVIDENCE THAT SUCH REGIMES INDUCE SIGNIFICANT TOLERANCE...& PROCEDURE HAS NOT MET WITH GENERAL ACCEPTANCE.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HISTAMINE FALL INTO TWO CATEGORIES: 1ST, ITS USES AS DIAGNOSTIC AGENT, WHICH FOR MOST PART ARE ON A SOUND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS; &, 2ND, ITS MORE CONTROVERSIAL USES IN THERAPY, ESP OF DISEASES OF ALLERGY.
AS DIAGNOSTIC AGENT IT IS OF VALUE IN TESTING FOR FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY OF GASTRIC GLANDS. IF NO ACID IS SECRETED FOLLOWING INJECTION OF 0.25-0.5 MG (USUALLY AS 1:1000 SOLN), A TRUE GASTRIC ACHYLIA EXISTS.
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for HISTAMINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
/WHEN HISTAMINE IS EMPLOYED TOPICALLY TO EYE IN CONCN FROM 0.1 TO 10% IT CAUSES/ VASODILATION & EDEMA OF CONJUNCTIVA.

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Pharmacodynamics
Histamine stimulates gastric gland secretion, causing an increased secretion of gastric juice of high acidity. This action is probably due mainly to a direct action on parietal and chief gland cells.

C5H9N3

111.1451

111.079

C, 73.52; H, 7.14; N, 9.03; O, 10.31

51-45-6

51-45-6; 56-92-8 (HCl); 51-74-1 (phosphate)

774

White to yellow solid powder

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

331.0±17.0 °C at 760 mmHg

83-84ºC

180.3±8.1 °C

0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.567

-0.92

54.7

2

2

2

8

64.7

0

N1([H])C([H])=NC([H])=C1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[H]

NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)

2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)ethanamine

LS82-556; LS 82-556; 2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)ethanamine; 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine; Ergamine; Ergotidine; 2-(4-Imidazolyl)ethylamine; 5-Imidazoleethylamine; LS-82-556

2934.99.03.00

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中（例如氮气保护），避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: ~22 mg/mL (~197.9 mM)
Water: ~22 mg/mL
Ethanol: ~22 mg/mL

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。