Olmesartan Medoxomil (CS 866)

别名: 144689-63-4; Olsertain; CS866; Olmesartan medoxomil; CS 866; CS-866; Olmetec; Azor; Benicar; 奥美沙坦酯; 2,3-二羟基-2-丁烯基-4-(1-羟基-1-甲基乙基)-2-丙基-1-[4-(2-1H-四唑-5-苯基)苄基]咪唑-5-羧酸酯环-2,3-碳酸酯; 奥美沙坦; 奥美沙坦(酯); 奥美沙坦酯 EP标准品; 奥美沙坦酯 USP标准品;奥美沙坦酯标准品;奥美沙坦酯标准品(JP);奥美沙坦酯片;奥美沙坦酯系统适用性 EP标准品; 奥美沙坦中间体
目录号: V1781 纯度: ≥98%
Olmesartan Medoxomil(原名 CS-866;Olmetec;Azor;Benicar;Olsertain)是奥美沙坦的 medoxomil 酯前药形式,是一种有效的选择性血管紧张素 II 1 型/AT1 受体拮抗剂,具有抗高血压作用。
Olmesartan Medoxomil (CS 866) CAS号: 144689-63-4
产品类别: RAAS
产品仅用于科学研究,不针对患者销售
规格 价格 库存 数量
25mg
50mg
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1g
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Other Forms of Olmesartan Medoxomil (CS 866):

  • Olmesartan ethyl ester (olmesartan medoxomil ethyl ester impurity)
  • Olmesartan medoxomil impurity C (Dehydro Olmesartan medoxomil)
  • Trityl olmesartan medoxomil impurity III (olmesartan impurity 27)
  • Olmesartan medoxomil-d6 (olmesartan medoxomil-d6)
  • 奥美沙坦
  • Olmesartan methyl ester
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纯度/质量控制文件

纯度: ≥98%

产品描述
Olmesartan Medoxomil(原 CS-866;Olmetec;Azor;Benicar;Olsertain)是奥美沙坦的 medoxomil 酯前药形式,是一种有效的选择性血管紧张素 II 1 型/AT1 受体拮抗剂,具有抗高血压作用。它已被批准用于治疗高血压。它还抑制肾素分泌的负调节反馈。受体抑制的结果是血管舒张和外周阻力降低。 Olmesartan Medoxomil 显着降低肝脏羟脯氨酸含量和 TGF-β1。
奥美沙坦酯(Olmesartan medoxomil)是一种新型的口服活性、强效、选择性的血管紧张素II type 1(AT₁)受体拮抗剂前药。它含有一个酯基,口服后可迅速裂解释放出活性形式RNH-6270。该药用于治疗高血压,并通过阻断活化的肝星状细胞上的AT₁受体,抑制其增殖、胶原合成和促纤维化细胞因子的表达,显示出潜在的肝脏抗纤维化作用。[1][2]
生物活性&实验参考方法
靶点
Angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptor - competitive antagonist. IC50 (for [125I]-AII binding to bovine adrenal cortical membranes) = 8.0 ± 0.8 nM. [2]
No significant binding to AT₂ receptor (IC50 > 100,000 nM). [2]
体外研究 (In Vitro)
- 奥美沙坦酯是前药,在体外实验中快速代谢为其活性形式奥美沙坦(RNH-6270)。[1]
- 在大鼠原代肝星状细胞中,血管紧张素II(Ang II, 10 nM至10 μM)诱导细胞增殖和胶原合成。活性代谢物RNH-6270(10 μM)完全阻断Ang II诱导的增殖(P < 0.01),并将Ang II诱导的胶原合成降低85%(P < 0.001)。[1]
- 在大鼠原代HSC中,Ang II(1 nM至10 μM)剂量依赖性地增加培养上清液中TGF-β1的产生(>1 nM时P < 0.001)。PDGF-BB也诱导TGF-β1产生。Ang II增强PDGF诱导的TGF-β1产生。RNH-6270(10 μM)几乎完全阻断Ang II诱导的TGF-β1产生(P < 0.001)。[1]
- 在大鼠原代HSC中,Ang II(10 μM)使CTGF mRNA表达增加1.9倍(P < 0.001),RNH-6270(10 μM)完全阻断此诱导(P < 0.01)。[1]
- 在离体豚鼠主动脉中,奥美沙坦(活性形式)使AII诱导收缩的最大反应显著降低,浓度-反应曲线右移轻微。其抑制AII诱导收缩的效力分别是氯沙坦、EXP3174、CV11974和沙拉新的160倍、3.4倍、1.2倍和12倍(pD₂值 = 9.91 ± 0.07)。奥美沙坦对苯肾上腺素或氯化钾诱导的收缩无影响。[2]
- 在离体豚鼠气管中,ACE抑制剂依那普利拉(10⁻⁷ mol/L)显著增强缓激肽诱导的收缩,而高浓度奥美沙坦(10⁻⁶至10⁻⁵ mol/L)无此作用,表明奥美沙坦不具有ACE抑制剂样特性(增强缓激肽)。[2]
体外活性:Olmesartan Medoxomil 显着降低肝脏羟脯氨酸含量、胶原蛋白 α1(I) 和 α-平滑肌肌动蛋白 (α-SMA) 的 mRNA 表达以及转化生长因子-β1 (TGF-β1) 的血浆水平。 Olmesartan Medoxomil 是一种含有酯部分的前药,口服后迅速裂解释放活性形式奥美沙坦 (RNH-6270)。奥美沙坦是一种高效、竞争性和选择性的 All AT1 受体拮抗剂,对 AT2 和 AT4 受体几乎没有拮抗活性。激酶测定:Olmesartan medoxomil 是一种有效的选择性血管紧张素 AT1 受体抑制剂,IC50 为 66.2 μM。
体内研究 (In Vivo)
- 肝纤维化模型(胆管结扎大鼠): 口服奥美沙坦酯(1 mg/kg/天,每周六次,从第7天至第20天)与胆管结扎对照组相比,显著降低了肝脏羟脯氨酸含量(每克肝脏:降低45%,P < 0.05;总含量:降低54%,P < 0.01)、血浆TGF-β1水平(降低79%,P < 0.05)以及胶原α1(I) mRNA(降低44%,P < 0.05)和α-SMA mRNA(降低52%,P < 0.05)的表达。组织学分析显示胆管增生、胶原沉积和α-SMA阳性细胞减少。[1]
- 自发性高血压大鼠中的降压作用: 口服奥美沙坦酯(0.01至0.3 mg/kg)剂量依赖性地降低血压,作用持久(24小时AUC分析显示其与坎地沙坦西酯等效,效力是氯沙坦的30倍)。单次0.1 mg/kg剂量的降压作用起效比坎地沙坦西酯(0.1 mg/kg)和氯沙坦(3 mg/kg)更快。[2]
- 肾性高血压大鼠(2K1C): 口服奥美沙坦酯(0.01至0.3 mg/kg)剂量依赖性地降低血压。0.3 mg/kg剂量的最大降压反应在给药后3小时观察到。[2]
- 肾性高血压犬: 口服奥美沙坦酯(3和10 mg/kg,连续14天)显著降低血压,不影响心率。连续给药7天后降压效果增强。该药引起血浆肾素活性及循环中AI和AII浓度的可测量增加。[2]
- 自发性高血压大鼠的血流动力学效应: 单次静脉注射奥美沙坦(0.01或0.1 mg/kg)剂量依赖性地降低血压,不影响心率。较高剂量增加心输出量,降低总外周阻力。肾脏血流量呈剂量依赖性显著增加。[2]
- 动脉粥样硬化模型: 在Watanabe遗传性高脂血症兔中,奥美沙坦酯(1 mg/kg)与普伐他汀(50 mg/kg)联合治疗32周,与赋形剂组相比显著减少了动脉粥样硬化病变面积和内膜厚度。在高胆固醇饮食喂养的猴子中,奥美沙坦酯(1和10 mg/kg)以剂量相关的方式减少动脉粥样硬化(高剂量组减少65%)。[2]
奥美沙坦对清醒大鼠中 All 诱导的升压反应产生快速且持久的抑制。 Oralolmesartan medoxomil 也抑制全升压反应,但与静脉内给药相比,起效较慢。 Olmesartan Medoxomil 在多种大鼠和狗模型中表现出剂量依赖性抗高血压作用,与正常或低肾素类型相比,在高血浆肾素模型中观察到最显着的效果。奥美沙坦酯除了具有抗高血压作用外,还在各种类型肾病和心力衰竭的动物模型中表现出有益作用,并且在高脂血症动物中具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用。 Olmesartan Medoxomil 剂量依赖性地改善大鼠结肠组织病理学和生化损伤,其效果与标准柳氮磺吡啶相当甚至更好。奥美沙坦酯不仅在超声心动图观察中显着降低了缺氧性肺心病的诱导,而且在分子研究中也显着降低了慢性缺氧大鼠的脑利钠肽(BNP)、TGF-β和内皮素基因表达。
酶活实验
- AT₁受体结合实验: 将牛肾上腺皮质膜(20 μg蛋白/孔)与0.1-0.15 nM [125I]-血管紧张素II及不同浓度的奥美沙坦或其他拮抗剂在室温下孵育2小时。特异性结合通过在200 μmol/L未标记血管紧张素II存在和不存在下的结合差异来确定。计算IC50值。[2]
- AT₄受体结合实验: 将牛肾上腺皮质膜与0.1-0.15 nM [125I]-血管紧张素IV在室温下孵育2小时。特异性结合通过在200 μmol/L未标记血管紧张素IV存在和不存在下的结合差异来确定。[2]
- 离体豚鼠主动脉收缩实验: 处死雄性Hartley豚鼠,取出胸主动脉并切成3 mm的环。将血管环安装在含有Krebs-Henseleit溶液的器官浴槽中,温度37°C,通入95% O₂/5% CO₂,静息张力1 g。平衡60分钟后,建立血管紧张素II的累积浓度-反应曲线。在重新测定浓度-反应曲线前20分钟加入拮抗剂。计算pA₂和pD₂值。[2]
- 离体豚鼠气管收缩实验: 将豚鼠气管条安装在器官浴槽中。在依那普利拉(10⁻⁷ M)或奥美沙坦(10⁻⁶至10⁻⁵ M)存在下,用缓激肽(3 μM)诱导收缩。[2]
细胞实验
- HSC增殖实验(³H-胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入): 将大鼠原代HSC在含Ang II(0.1 nM至10 μM)± RNH-6270(10 μM)的无血清DMEM中培养48小时,在最后48小时加入0.5 μCi/mL [methyl-³H]胸腺嘧啶核苷脉冲。收集细胞,通过液体闪烁计数器计数掺入的放射性。[1]
- 胶原合成实验(³H-脯氨酸掺入): 将大鼠原代HSC在含Ang II(0.1 nM至10 μM)± RNH-6270(10 μM)、0.5 mM 3-氨基丙腈和0.1 mM L-抗坏血酸的无血清DMEM中培养48小时,在最后48小时加入0.5 μCi/mL L-[2,3,4,5-³H]脯氨酸脉冲。用TCA沉淀细胞,洗涤,用胶原酶消化。计数胶原酶可消化上清液中的放射性。[1]
- TGF-β1产生实验: 将HSC与Ang II(0.1 nM至10 μM)± RNH-6270(10 μM)或PDGF-BB(0.1至100 ng/mL)孵育48小时。收集培养上清液,酸活化以将潜伏型TGF-β1转化为活性型,通过ELISA测量总TGF-β1。[1]
- CTGF mRNA表达(TaqMan PCR): 将HSC与Ang II(10 μM)± RNH-6270(10 μM)孵育24小时。提取总RNA,逆转录为cDNA,使用CTGF和GAPDH的特异性引物和探针进行TaqMan PCR分析。[1]
- 体内样本的RNA提取和TaqMan PCR: 使用TRIZOL试剂从全肝匀浆中提取总RNA。使用TaqMan逆转录试剂合成cDNA。使用ABI PRISM 7700序列检测系统,用胶原α1(I)、α-SMA和GAPDH的特异性引物和探针进行TaqMan PCR。[1]
动物实验
本研究使用10至12周龄的雄性db/db糖尿病小鼠(背景品系为C57BL/KsJ)及其同龄的非糖尿病瘦型对照小鼠(C57BL)。10只非糖尿病对照小鼠和10只糖尿病小鼠饲喂安慰剂(0.5% CMC钠/生理盐水),另10只糖尿病小鼠每日灌胃给予20 mg/kg奥美沙坦(MB5704),持续12周。每两周监测小鼠的血糖、体重和尿量。治疗结束后,处死小鼠,采集躯干血,离心分离血浆,分装后储存于-80℃。从小鼠体内取出肾脏组织。将肾脏组织切片用于蛋白质提取,切片置于液氮中冷冻,并储存于-80°C。另取部分肾脏组织用4%多聚甲醛固定,并包埋于石蜡中用于免疫染色。
- 胆管结扎肝纤维化模型: 对雄性SD大鼠进行总胆管结扎。第7天,将存活大鼠随机分为两组。奥美沙坦酯混悬于0.5%羧甲基纤维素中,以1 mg/kg口服给药,每周六次,从第7天至第20天。对照BDL大鼠给予赋形剂。假手术组大鼠作为正常对照。第21天处死动物,收集肝脏、脾脏和血液。[1]
- 自发性高血压大鼠: 使用雄性SHR(12-16周龄)。通过口服灌胃给予奥美沙坦酯(0.01、0.03、0.1、0.3 mg/kg)、坎地沙坦西酯(0.1 mg/kg)、氯沙坦(3 mg/kg)或赋形剂。给药后使用遥测系统连续24小时测量血压和心率。对于呋塞米预处理组,SHR在研究前每日一次皮下注射呋塞米(20 mg/kg),连续7天。[2]
- 肾性高血压大鼠: 制备两肾一夹高血压大鼠。通过口服灌胃给予奥美沙坦酯(0.01、0.03、0.1、0.3 mg/kg)、坎地沙坦西酯(0.1 mg/kg)、氯沙坦(3 mg/kg)或赋形剂。给药后24小时内测量血压和心率。[2]
- 肾性高血压犬: 使用清醒的雄性Goldblatt肾性高血压犬。奥美沙坦酯(1、3、10 mg/kg)以胶囊形式口服给药,每日一次,连续14天,随后进行7天清洗期。测量血压、心率、血浆肾素活性、AI、AII、醛固酮、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和血清电解质。[2]
- 自发性高血压大鼠血流动力学研究: 麻醉雄性SHR(23-27周龄)。单次静脉注射奥美沙坦(0.01或0.1 mg/kg)或赋形剂。使用[¹⁴¹Ce]-和[⁵¹Cr]-标记的微球测量心输出量和局部血流量。[2]
- 兔动脉粥样硬化模型: 使用雄性Watanabe遗传性高脂血症兔(10-12月龄)。奥美沙坦酯(1 mg/kg)和普伐他汀(50 mg/kg)单独或联合口服给药,每日一次,连续32周。取出主动脉测量动脉粥样硬化病变面积和内膜厚度。[2]
- 猴动脉粥样硬化模型: 使用喂食高胆固醇饮食的食蟹猴。奥美沙坦酯(1或10 mg/kg)口服给药,每日一次,连续13周。取出主动脉测量动脉粥样硬化病变面积。[2]
药代性质 (ADME/PK)
奥美沙坦酯是一种前体药物,口服后从胃肠道快速吸收,并在吸收过程中经酯酶完全水解为具有药理活性的代谢物奥美沙坦。奥美沙坦酯原药在血浆和排泄物中无法检测到。口服后血药浓度达峰时间为1-3小时,消除半衰期为10-15小时。奥美沙坦的绝对生物利用度约为26%-28.6%,进食不影响其吸收。该药呈线性药代动力学特征,在治疗剂量范围内(最高40-80 mg/日)血药浓度峰值和曲线下面积与剂量近似成正比。奥美沙坦分布容积较低,提示血管外组织分布有限。约40%的系统可利用奥美沙坦经肾脏排泄,其余经胆汁分泌后随粪便排出。肾脏清除率约为0.5-0.7 L/h,呈剂量非依赖性。奥美沙坦基本不与血细胞结合。健康中国受试者连续7天每日口服20 mg后未观察到药物蓄积。奥美沙坦酯与地高辛、华法林、抗酸药等联合用药时未观察到具有临床意义的稳态药代动力学相互作用。
毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK)
奥美沙坦酯的毒理学特征已在临床前和临床研究中得到充分评估。在超过3825例患者的临床试验中,奥美沙坦酯总体耐受性良好,因不良事件导致的停药率为2.4%,与安慰剂组(2.7%)相似。最常见的不良反应是头晕,发生率约3%(安慰剂组为1%)。其他报道的不良事件包括乏力、血管性水肿、过敏反应、呕吐、瘙痒、荨麻疹、脱发及血肌酐升高等。
严重不良反应与警告:
胎儿毒性:奥美沙坦酯可导致胎儿损害。作用于肾素-血管紧张素系统的药物在妊娠中晚期使用会降低胎儿肾功能,增加胎儿和新生儿发病率和死亡率。一旦检测到妊娠,应尽快停用奥美沙坦酯。
类口炎性腹泻样肠病:有报道患者在服药数月甚至数年后出现严重、慢性腹泻伴明显体重下降,肠活检常显示绒毛萎缩。若无可识别的其他病因,应考虑更换抗高血压治疗方案。研究认为其机制可能与药物水解过程中过度消耗负责麦胶蛋白消化的酶(PON1和CMBD)有关。
肾功能损害:对于肾功能依赖RAAS系统活性的患者(如严重充血性心力衰竭、双侧或单侧肾动脉狭窄),使用奥美沙坦酯可能与少尿、进行性氮质血症、急性肾衰竭相关。
高钾血症:对于肾功能不全、糖尿病患者或合用保钾利尿剂、钾补充剂的患者应监测血清钾水平。
高剂量糖尿病患者心血管风险:ROADMAP试验和一项流行病学研究提示,在糖尿病患者中使用高剂量奥美沙坦(40 mg/日)可能与心血管死亡风险增加相关(HR 2.0-4.9),但数据尚存争议。
肝肾功能不全患者需调整剂量:严重肾功能不全(CrCl <20 mL/min)或中度肝功能不全(Child-Pugh 7-9分)患者每日剂量不应超过20 mg。奥美沙坦酯在小于1岁儿童中的使用不推荐。
参考文献
[1]. Br J Pharmacol.2003 Jul;139(6):1085-94;
[2]. J Hypertens Suppl.2001 Jun;19(1):S3-14.
其他信息
- 奥美沙坦酯是一种前药,口服后可迅速水解为其活性形式奥美沙坦。[1]
- 与氯沙坦相比,该药在AT₁受体位点具有慢速起效和慢速失效的动力学特点。奥美沙坦的抑制作用在通过反复洗涤移除药物后仍持续90分钟以上,而氯沙坦的作用则被迅速逆转。[2]
- 与ACE抑制剂不同,奥美沙坦不增强缓激肽诱导的收缩,表明其在临床上应无ACE抑制剂典型的干咳综合征。[2]
- 奥美沙坦酯的降压效果在高血浆肾素模型中最为显著(肾性高血压大鼠 > SHR > 正常血压大鼠 > DOCA盐大鼠)。[2]
- 细胞色素P-450抑制不影响奥美沙坦酯对AII升压反应的抑制,表明其降压疗效的患者间差异可能小于氯沙坦。[2]
奥美沙坦酯属于联苯类化合物。
奥美沙坦酯是一种合成的咪唑衍生物前药,具有降压作用。水解后,奥美沙坦酯转化为奥美沙坦。奥美沙坦选择性地与血管平滑肌和肾上腺中的血管紧张素II的血管紧张素1型(AT1)受体结合,从而竞争性地抑制血管紧张素II与受体的结合。这可以阻止血管紧张素II诱导的血管收缩,并减少醛固酮的生成,从而防止醛固酮刺激的钠潴留和钾排泄。
一种用于治疗高血压的血管紧张素II 1型受体阻滞剂。
另见:奥美沙坦(含有活性成分);氢氯噻嗪;奥美沙坦酯(成分之一);苯磺酸氨氯地平;奥美沙坦酯(成分)……查看更多……
*注: 文献方法仅供参考, InvivoChem并未独立验证这些方法的准确性
化学信息 & 存储运输条件
分子式
C29H30N6O6
分子量
558.59
精确质量
558.222
元素分析
C, 62.36; H, 5.41; N, 15.05; O, 17.18
CAS号
144689-63-4
相关CAS号
Olmesartan medoxomil;144689-63-4; 144689-24-7; 1347262-29-6 (methyl ester )
PubChem CID
130881
外观&性状
White to yellow solid powder
密度
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
沸点
804.2±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
熔点
180°C
闪点
440.2±37.1 °C
蒸汽压
0.0±3.0 mmHg at 25°C
折射率
1.661
LogP
5.23
tPSA
162.16
氢键供体(HBD)数目
2
氢键受体(HBA)数目
10
可旋转键数目(RBC)
11
重原子数目
41
分子复杂度/Complexity
969
定义原子立体中心数目
0
SMILES
CCCC1=NC(=C(N1CC2=CC=C(C=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3C4=NNN=N4)C(=O)OCC5=C(OC(=O)O5)C)C(C)(C)O
InChi Key
UQGKUQLKSCSZGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C29H30N6O6/c1-5-8-23-30-25(29(3,4)38)24(27(36)39-16-22-17(2)40-28(37)41-22)35(23)15-18-11-13-19(14-12-18)20-9-6-7-10-21(20)26-31-33-34-32-26/h6-7,9-14,38H,5,8,15-16H2,1-4H3,(H,31,32,33,34)
化学名
1H-Imidazole-5-carboxylic acid, 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-propyl-1-((2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl ester
别名
144689-63-4; Olsertain; CS866; Olmesartan medoxomil; CS 866; CS-866; Olmetec; Azor; Benicar;
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
存储方式

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

运输条件
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
溶解度数据
溶解度 (体外实验)
DMSO:89 mg/mL (159.3 mM)
Water:<1 mg/mL
Ethanol:<1 mg/mL
溶解度 (体内实验)
注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方,主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品(水溶度<1 mg/mL)。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试,如该配方可行,再根据实验需求增加样品量。

注射用配方
(IP/IV/IM/SC等)
注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80: Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如: 100 μL DMSO 50 μL Tween 80 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备:将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中,得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如: 100 μL DMSO 400 μL PEG300 50 μL Tween 80 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如: 100 μL DMSO 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液,加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。
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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如:100 μL DMSO 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备(4°C,储存1周):将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中,得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如: 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精) 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如: 50 μL DMSO 100 μL PEG300 200 μL Castor oil 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10: 10 : 80 (如: 100 μL Ethanol 100 μL Cremophor 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如: 100 μL EtOH 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如: 100 μL EtOH 400 μL PEG300 50 μL Tween 80 450 μL Saline)


口服配方
口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中,得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液;然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中,得到悬浮液。
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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合


注意: 以上为较为常见方法,仅供参考, InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型,对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物,需通过前期实验来确定(建议先取少量样品进行尝试),包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案:
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如:用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液,按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂,澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明,并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀/澄清;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀/澄清;然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL;

3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出,可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果,工作液请现配现用!
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液,请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。
制备储备液 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.7902 mL 8.9511 mL 17.9022 mL
5 mM 0.3580 mL 1.7902 mL 3.5804 mL
10 mM 0.1790 mL 0.8951 mL 1.7902 mL

1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液):对于大多数产品,InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如:5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度),个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;

2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息,或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中,请联系我们;

3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算(摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等);

4、母液配好之后,将其分装到常规用量,并储存在-20°C或-80°C,尽量减少反复冻融循环。

计算器

摩尔浓度计算器可计算特定溶液所需的质量、体积/浓度,具体如下:

  • 计算制备已知体积和浓度的溶液所需的化合物的质量
  • 计算将已知质量的化合物溶解到所需浓度所需的溶液体积
  • 计算特定体积中已知质量的化合物产生的溶液的浓度
使用摩尔浓度计算器计算摩尔浓度的示例如下所示:
假如化合物的分子量为350.26 g/mol,在5mL DMSO中制备10mM储备液所需的化合物的质量是多少?
  • 在分子量(MW)框中输入350.26
  • 在“浓度”框中输入10,然后选择正确的单位(mM)
  • 在“体积”框中输入5,然后选择正确的单位(mL)
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案17.513 mg出现在“质量”框中。以类似的方式,您可以计算体积和浓度。

稀释计算器可计算如何稀释已知浓度的储备液。例如,可以输入C1、C2和V2来计算V1,具体如下:

制备25毫升25μM溶液需要多少体积的10 mM储备溶液?
使用方程式C1V1=C2V2,其中C1=10mM,C2=25μM,V2=25 ml,V1未知:
  • 在C1框中输入10,然后选择正确的单位(mM)
  • 在C2框中输入25,然后选择正确的单位(μM)
  • 在V2框中输入25,然后选择正确的单位(mL)
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案62.5μL(0.1 ml)出现在V1框中
g/mol

分子量计算器可计算化合物的分子量 (摩尔质量)和元素组成,具体如下:

注:化学分子式大小写敏感:C12H18N3O4  c12h18n3o4
计算化合物摩尔质量(分子量)的说明:
  • 要计算化合物的分子量 (摩尔质量),请输入化学/分子式,然后单击“计算”按钮。
分子质量、分子量、摩尔质量和摩尔量的定义:
  • 分子质量(或分子量)是一种物质的一个分子的质量,用统一的原子质量单位(u)表示。(1u等于碳-12中一个原子质量的1/12)
  • 摩尔质量(摩尔重量)是一摩尔物质的质量,以g/mol表示。
/

配液计算器可计算将特定质量的产品配成特定浓度所需的溶剂体积 (配液体积)

  • 输入试剂的质量、所需的配液浓度以及正确的单位
  • 单击“计算”按钮
  • 答案显示在体积框中
动物体内实验配方计算器(澄清溶液)
第一步:请输入基本实验信息(考虑到实验过程中的损耗,建议多配一只动物的药量)
第二步:请输入动物体内配方组成(配方适用于不溶/难溶于水的化合物),不同的产品和批次配方组成不同,如对配方有疑问,可先联系我们提供正确的体内实验配方。此外,请注意这只是一个配方计算器,而不是特定产品的确切配方。
+
+
+

计算结果:

工作液浓度 mg/mL;

DMSO母液配制方法 mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液(母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度,请首先与我们联系。

体内配方配制方法μL DMSO母液,加入 μL PEG300,混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80,混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O,混匀澄清。

(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后,再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶;
            (2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。

临床试验信息
Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD)
CTID: NCT07547878
Phase: Phase 4
Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2026-05-08
Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan Associated With Chlorthalidone in Essential Arterial Hypertension Control
CTID: NCT02493322
Phase: Phase 3
Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2025-12-08
Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan Associated With Chlorthalidone Versus Benicar HCT® in Essential Hypertension Control
CTID: NCT02483936
Phase: Phase 3
Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2025-12-08
Zilebesiran as Add-on Therapy in Patients With Hypertension Not Adequately Controlled by a Standard of Care Antihypertensive Medication (KARDIA-2)
CTID: NCT05103332
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-16
Multi-Omics to Predict the Blood Pressure Response to Antihypertensives
CTID: NCT05917275
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-06-10
Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan Associated With Chlorthalidone Versus Benicar HCT® in Essential Hypertension Control
CTID: NCT02483936
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-02-16
Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan Associated With Chlorthalidone in Essential Arterial Hypertension Control
CTID: NCT02493322
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-02-16
Effect of Olmesartan on Angiotensin(1-7) Levels and Vascular Functions in Diabetes and Hypertension
CTID: NCT05189015
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-08-14
View More

Host Response Mediators in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection - Is There a Protective Effect of Losartan and Other ARBs on Outcomes of Coronavirus Infection?
CTID: NCT04606563
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2023-02-16


Clinical Trial to Evaluate Pharmacokinetic Interaction of ATB-1011 and ATB-1012 in Healthy Adult Volunteers
CTID: NCT04856969
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-09-05
A Study to Evaluate the Effect of LCZ696 on Aortic Stiffness in Subjects With Hypertension
CTID: NCT01870739
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-01-05
Effect of Olmesartan and Nebivolol on Ambulatory Blood Pres
Systemic effects of mild renal insufficiency: the relation between forearm blood flow and ADMA.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-02-01
An open-label, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a 4 week therapy with the fixed dose combination of amlodipine 10 mg plus valsartan 160 mg in hypertensive patients not adequately responding to a 4 week therapy with the free combination of an angiotensin receptor blocker (olmesartan 20 mg) plus amlodipine 10 mg
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-07-17
Add-on Study of Olmesartan Medoxomil in Patients with Moderate to Severe Hypertension not Achieving Target Blood Pressure on
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-10-10
RANDOMISED, CONTROLLED STUDY WITH A BLINDED END-POINT TO EVALUATE BY MEANS OF 24-HOUR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING THE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY OF OLMESARTAN 20 MG IN COMPARISON WITH THAT OF VALSARTAN 160 MG, AND THEIR COMBINATION WITH HYDROCHLOROTIAZIDE IN PATIENTS WITH MODERATE ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION WITH ANOTHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR..
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2005-09-15
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF OLMESARTAN IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH MILD TO MODERATE HYPERTENSION
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-05-27
The efficacy and safety of olmesartan medoxomil/amlodipine fixed combination in patients with grade 1 to grade 2 arterial hypertension. An international randomized, double-blind, 10-week multi-factorial clinical study
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date:
Examination of aortic diameter changes in patients after thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery with olmesartan or olmesartan + eplerenone
CTID: UMIN000014255
Phase: Phase III    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2014-06-13
Calcium channel blocker can attenuate the effect of Aldosterone on the ENaC
CTID: UMIN000014060
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2014-05-26
MULTICENTER PROBE STUDY-4; COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
CTID: UMIN000012768
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2014-01-06
MULTICENTER PROBE STUDY-4; COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
CTID: UMIN000012768
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2014-01-06
Comparison of effects of azilsartan and olmesartan in paitents with type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: A crossover trial.
CTID: UMIN000012619
Phase:    Status: Pending
Date: 2013-12-18
Comparison of effects of azilsartan and olmesartan in paitents with type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: A crossover trial.
CTID: UMIN000012619
Phase:    Status: Pending
Date: 2013-12-18
Effect of Olmesartan on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with chronic heart failure
CTID: UMIN000011807
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-09-19
Effect of Olmesartan on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with chronic heart failure
CTID: UMIN000011807
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-09-19
Prospective, randomized, open-label,clinical trial comparing the effects of amlodipine monotherapy and irbesartan/amlodipine combination on blood pressure, endothelial function and makers for obesity/oxidative stress/chronic kidney diseases
CTID: UMIN000011727
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-09-12
Prospective, randomized, open-label,clinical trial comparing the effects of amlodipine monotherapy and irbesartan/amlodipine combination on blood pressure, endothelial function and makers for obesity/oxidative stress/chronic kidney diseases
CTID: UMIN000011727
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-09-12
The antihypertensive efficacy of Azilsartan on Nocturnalblood pressure by automated sphygmomanometer
CTID: UMIN000011403
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2013-08-07
Adipocytokine regulation by antihypertensive drugs in patients with essential hypertension
CTID: UMIN000010928
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-07-01
Influence of Azilsartan or Olmesartan on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
CTID: UMIN000011006
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-06-19
Urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) becomes a biomarker for the selection of optimal antihypertensive drugs
CTID: UMIN000010931
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2013-06-11
A Study on the Effects of Chronotherapy of Hypertension with Olmesartan on Blood-pressure Variability, Sympathetic Function, and Renal Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension
CTID: UMIN000010419
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2013-05-01
Study of the Safety and Efficacy of LCZ696 on Arterial Stiffness in Elderly Patients With Hypertension
CTID: jRCT2080222043
Phase:    Status:
Date: 2013-03-18
Toyama antihypertensive therapy with Olmesartan in Post-Stroke patients (TOPS) study
CTID: UMIN000009790
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2013-01-20
AZELNIDIPINE COMBINED WITH ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKER CAN RESTORE SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY
CTID: UMIN000009158
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2012-10-21
Blood pressure lowering effect of one compound tablet replacement as two tablets of angiotensin 2 receptor blocker(ARB) and calcium channel blocker(CCB)
CTID: UMIN000008360
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2012-08-01
Subanalysis of the Impact of OLmesartan on theprogression of coronary atherosclerosis: evaluation by IntraVascular UltraSound (OLIVUS) trial
CTID: UMIN000008309
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2012-06-30
The combination of ARB and CCB in type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients
CTID: UMIN000008119
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2012-06-11
Effect of Olmesartan on Endothelial Dysfunction After Everolimus Eluting Stent Implantation
CTID: UMIN000007728
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2012-04-11
Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers for neointimal coverage after stent implantation.
CTID: UMIN000007634
Phase:    Status: Pending
Date: 2012-04-02
Olmesartan Treatment of Insufficiently Controlled Hypertension in the Morning
CTID: UMIN000007478
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2012-04-01
Effect of olmesartan compared with candesartan on home blood pressure and prognostic makers of subsequent cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension: a single center, prospective, randomized, and open-labeled trial
CTID: UMIN000006904
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up continuing
Date: 2011-12-21
Effect of olmesartan on beta-cell function and diabetic angiopathy in type 2 diabeteic patients with hypertension
CTID: UMIN000006606
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2011-10-25
Randomized study to compare olmesartan + azelnidipine versus valsartan + amlodipine to maximize blood pressure control and organ protection
CTID: UMIN000006605
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-10-24
None
CTID: jRCT2080221540
Phase:    Status:
Date: 2011-08-11
None
CTID: jRCT2080221541
Phase:    Status:
Date: 2011-08-11
None
CTID: jRCT2080221543
Phase:    Status:
Date: 2011-08-11
Study of High-dose Olmesartan compared with Telmisartan on Blood pressure and Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetics with Hypertension
CTID: UMIN000006046
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-07-31
Influence of angiotensin receptor blocker and direct renin inhibitor on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and left ventricular remodeling in patients with hypertension who underwent cardiac surgery
CTID: UMIN000005966
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-07-12
Examination of efficacy of olmesartan on peripheral insulin sensitivity in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
CTID: UMIN000005535
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-05-09
Relationship between sodium balance and circadian BP rhythm in acute phase during the olmesartan treatment.
CTID: UMIN000005126
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-02-23
The study of efficacy of AT1 receptor blocker, olmesartan and calcium antagonists , azelnidipine combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension , diabetic or chronic kidney disease
CTID: UMIN000004750
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2010-12-18
comparison of Therapy with Olmesartan medoxomil monotherapy or azelnidipine and olmesartan medoxomil combination in hypertensive patients with chronic KIdney disease
CTID: UMIN000004489
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-11-01
Effect of co-administration of Olmesartan and Azelnidipine on vascular endothelial function in patients with atherosclerosis-prone conditions.
CTID: UMIN000004479
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-10-30
Anti-Hypertensive treatment of Nephrosclerosis in Elderly
CTID: UMIN000004300
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2010-10-01
Combination Therapy of Olmesartan and Azelnidipine or Valsartan and Amlodipine in Hypertensinve Patients Study
CTID: UMIN000004288
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-09-28
Comparison of hypotensive effect and prevention to progression of diabetic nephrolopathy with Olmesartan and Ca channel blocker in patient of type 2 diabetic
CTID: UMIN000004253
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-09-22
Effect of combination therapy of angiotensin receptor antagonist with calcium antagonist or with diuretics on left ventricular hypertrohy
CTID: UMIN000004176
Phase:    Status: Pending
Date: 2010-09-08
Effect of AT1 receptor blocker plus low-dose diuretics and Ca blocker on home blood pressure
CTID: UMIN000003847
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Pending
Date: 2010-06-30
Management and improvement by ARB with Ca channel blocker in hypertensive patients with diabetes STUDY
CTID: UMIN000003576
Phase:    Status: Pending
Date: 2010-05-10
Influence of Valsartan or Olmesartan on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and cardiac muscle
CTID: UMIN000003518
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-04-22
Renoprotective effects of azelnidipine in hypertensive diabetic patients in Mie
CTID: UMIN000003451
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-04-06
Clinical study on the resistance to antihypertensive therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus
CTID: UMIN000003195
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-02-17
Prospective, randomized, open-label, clinical trial comparing the effects of olmesartan and amlodipine on blood pressure, endothelial function and makers for obesity/oxidative stress/chronic kidney diseases
CTID: UMIN000002631
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2009-10-16
Intrarenal activation of renin-angiotensin system impairs circadian blood pressure rhythm.
CTID: UMIN000002591
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2009-10-16
Investigation about treatment of midnight hypertension in diabetes
CTID: UMIN000002205
Phase: Phase II    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2009-09-15
Assessment of the effects of telmisalthan and olmethaltan on inflammation and oxidative stress in patients on maintenance hemodialysis
CTID: UMIN000002413
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2009-09-15
Assessment of the effects of telmisalthan and olmethaltan on blood pressure, proteinuria, inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease patients
CTID: UMIN000002422
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2009-09-07
Multi-center open labeled trial on effects of candesartan on heart rate and blood pressure in the early morning in patients with hypertension
CTID: UMIN000002079
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2009-07-01
Appropriate Timing to Take Anti-Hypertensive Medicine Treating Morning Hypertension in Patients with Cerebral Infarction
CTID: UMIN000001764
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2009-03-11
An open label multi facilities cooperation randomized control trial to verify urinary angiotensinogen excretion reducing effect of olmesartan therapy in diabetic nephropathy.
CTID: UMIN000001618
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2009-03-09
Japanese evaluation between FormuLa of Azelnidipine and amlodipine add on olmesartan to Get antialbuminuric effect study
CTID: UMIN000001666
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2009-01-29
Therapeutic efficacy of olmesartan, telmisartan and amlodipine to compare with histologic improvement and addciation about AGTR1 gene polymorphisms in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); randomized open-labeled prospective study.
CTID: UMIN000001587
Phase:    Status:
Date: 2008-12-25
Effect of olmesartan on diurnal blood pressure profile, vascular function, oxidative stress, and renal renin-angiotensin system in hypertensives with chronic kidney disease
CTID: UMIN000000944
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2008-11-01
Influence of Valsartan or Olmesartan on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and left ventricular remodeling after cardiac surgery
CTID: UMIN000001465
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2008-10-29
Randomized controlled trail on efficacy and safety of Losartan 50 mg/HCTZ 12.5 mg and Titrated Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in Patients who have Hypertension with Diabetes mellitus
CTID: UMIN000001436
Phase:    Status: Complete: follow-up continuing
Date: 2008-10-20
Clinical relevance of microalbuminuria and intra-renal RAS in metabolic sydrome patients. - Effect of olmesartan on microalbuminuria and intrarenal RAS -
CTID: UMIN000001030
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2008-02-13

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