25小时后，用盐处理的金鱼的粘液量明显减少。 25小时后，用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）处理的金鱼粘液重量显着增加。在1小时和25小时时，用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和盐处理的锦鲤的粘液重量显着下降。 25 小时时，对照锦鲤的粘液明显更高。两周后，确定给予盐和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 (PVP) 的三只锦鲤保持了健康，并且与其余接受治疗的锦鲤和对照组相比，恢复程度更高 [1]。

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The disposition of N-[14C]-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone has been studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single iv injection. ...Up to 6 hr after dosing, the highest tissue concentrations of radioactivity were found in the liver and small intestines. By that time, about 19% of the dose had been excreted in bile, yet, by 12 hr, only about 0.4% had been excreted in feces while about 75% had been excreted in urine. Thus, there appeared to be substantial enterohepatic recirculation of biliary metabolites. Very small quantities of the administered material were excreted unchanged. In a single rat, 12% of the urinary radioactivity was present as acetic acid. Other metabolites were not identified.
Following ingestion /1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone/ is mainly distributed in the liver and small intestine. It is partially excreted in the urine in an acetate form, but it is mostly (88%) combined with water-soluble acid compounds. Following iv injection, 14C-1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone was cleared from the blood with a half-life of about 2 hr. Unchanged /1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone/ accounted for <0.6% of the dose administered.
The disposition of N-[14C-vinyl]-2-pyrrolidinone was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single iv injection. Plasma levels of the intact compound dropped rapidly within the first 6 hours after dosing... . Urinary excretion by 12 hours represented 74.9% of a 5 microCi dose while 18.7% was excreted into the bile by 6 hours. 14C-activity attributed to the intact compound was found to be <0.59% of the dose in the urine and <0.46% in the bile. Tissue distribution studies showed that the liver and small intestines and contents contained the highest accumulation of 14C-activity up to 6 hours after administration of N-[14C-vinyl]-2-pyrrolidinone. Urine analyses performed for metabolite elucidation indicated that 12% of the radioactivity dosed was incorporated into acetate and the major remaining portion in species which appeared to be water soluble acidic compounds.
The toxic effects of vinylpyrrolidone /and/ vinylacetate (VP-VA) were examined in rats. Female Wistar-rats, under ether narcosis, were given endotracheally 0.5 mL of a standard solution of VP-VA (10 g in 15 mL of physiological sodium-chloride solution). Other rats received up to 7 times the 2 mL standard solution daily under the skin of the back; between 1.1 and 45.0 g/kg VP-VA were injected. The animals were sacrificed between 1 and 365 days following the application of the VP-VA solution. Tissues were stained and examined by electron microscopy. One to 2 days after endotracheal injection, the alveoli were closely packed with macrophages. Four to 6 months after the last injection, there was still VP-VA in the lungs with the attendent macrophages. Animals killed 1 yr after the last injection showed no VP-VA in the lungs. After sc injection, most of the VP-VA was stored in the spleen. There were occasional, large macrophages found in the interstitial tissue of the lung. During the 1 yr period of observation, there was no evidence of tumors or systemic disease. ...
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 2-PYRROLIDINONE,1-ETHENYL- (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
...The hydrolysis of /N-vinylpyrrolidone/ (N-VP) at 37 °C and pHs ranging from 1.2-7.2 /was studied/. ...The major hydrolysis products, accounting for around 95% of hydrolysed N-VP, were identified as 2-pyrrolidone and acetaldehyde (in hydrated form) with acetaldehyde-hemihydrate accounting for the remaining 5%.
The ability of N-VP to bind to plasma proteins or microsomal proteins in vitro has been briefly investigated. At most, 12% of N-VP or its metabolites were bound to proteins, lending further weight to the conclusion that N-VP is not metabolized to an alkylating species.

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Biological Half-Life
The disposition of N-[14C]-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone has been studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single iv injection. The plasma half-life was 1.9 hr.
...The hydrolysis of /N-vinylpyrrolidone/ (N-VP) at 37 °C and pHs ranging from 1.2-7.2 /was studied/. ...The rate of hydrolysis was inversely related to pH such that at a pH of 1.2 the half-life of N-VP in aqueous solution was only around 1.5 min; at pHs ranging from 2.2-2.5, half-lives of 20-40 min were observed; at a pH of 3.5, the half-life had risen to over 6 hr and at a pH of 7.2, N-VP was stable in aqueous solution for at least 24 hr.
/N-Vinylpyrrolidone/ (N-VP) in aqueous solution was also administered by naso-gastric tube to 3 fasted dogs at successive dose levels of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg and non-fasted dogs (fasted overnight then allowed a meal 30 min before dosing) at 20 mg/kg. ...Elimination from plasma followed an exponential pattern, with half-lives ranging between 0.3 and 0.6 hr, and was independent of dose.
...Anesthetized rats were given 14C(vinyl)-N-VP in aqueous solution via the jugular vein. ... Elimination from the blood followed a biphasic pattern and half-lives for the slow phase of around 1.5-1.9 hr were calculated. These half-life values are somewhat higher than those calculated in the previous oral and other iv studies.

Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) = 3,200 mg/m3/4h

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 1470 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit dermal 560 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse oral about 940 mg/kg bw
LC50 Rat inhalation 3.07 mg/L/4 hr
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-PYRROLIDINONE,1-ETHENYL- (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Laboratory evaluation of different formulations of Stress Coat? for slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio). PeerJ. 2017 Sep 6;5:e3759.

N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones.
See also: Povidone (annotation moved to).

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Therapeutic Uses
BOP (biocompatible osteoconductive polymer) is a material proposed for osteosyntheses and for filling of bone defects in orthopedics, neurosurgery and stomatology. It is a composite made of a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and methylmethacrylate, of polyamide-6 fibers and of calcium gluconate.

C6H9NO

111.1418

111.068

9003-39-8

9003-39-8

6917

White to off-white solid powder

1.144g/cm3

217.6ºC at 760 mmHg

130ºC

93.9ºC

0.69

20.31

0

1

1

8

120

0

O=C1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N1C([H])=C([H])[H]

WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H9NO/c1-2-7-5-3-4-6(7)8/h2H,1,3-5H2

1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one

polyvidonepovidonePVP K29-32

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。