D₂ Receptor ( Ki = 29 nM ); hD₂ Receptor ( pEC50 = 7.4 ); hD₃ Receptor ( pEC50 = 8.4 ); hD_4.4 Receptor ( pEC50 = 6.8 )

罗匹尼罗对 D3 受体的亲和力比 D2 和 D4 受体高 10-20 倍。罗匹尼罗对 α2-肾上腺素受体和 5-HT2 受体具有弱活性，但对 5-HT1、苯二氮卓类和 γ-氨基丁酸受体或 α1 和 β-肾上腺素受体无活性[1][2]。

罗匹尼罗（0.1-10 mg/kg；腹腔注射）可降低颅内自刺激 (ICSS) 阈值并诱导抗焦虑和抗抑郁样作用，而不影响运动活动或空间记忆[2]。

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Ropinirome is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak plasma concentration in approximately 1 to 2 hours. Absolute bioavailability is 45% to 55%, suggesting a first-pass effect of approximately 50%. Compared to immediate-release tablets, the bioavailability of extended-release ropinirome tablets is approximately 100%. Food intake does not affect the absorption of ropinirome, but when taken with a high-fat meal, the time to peak concentration (Tmax) is prolonged by 2.5 hours, and the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is reduced by approximately 25%. Most of the absorbed dose is cleared by the liver. In clinical trials, over 88% of the radiolabeled dose was recovered in the urine. Less than 10% of the administered dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. The main metabolite in urine is despropylropinirome (40%), followed by carboxylic acid metabolites (10%) and glucuronide of the hydroxyl metabolite (10%). Ropinirome is widely distributed throughout the body, with an apparent volume of distribution of 7.5 L/kg. The clearance of ropinirole via oral administration was 47 L/h. Ropinirole is a novel compound used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This study investigated the in vivo distribution and metabolism of ropinirole hydrochloride in mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans via oral and intravenous administration. In all animals, almost all doses (94%) following oral administration were rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (14C-ropinirole hydrochloride). In rats and monkeys, the compound rapidly distributed outside the body fluids and was shown to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound exhibited high hemolytic clearance, approximately half that of hepatic blood flow in monkeys and similar to hepatic blood flow in rats. The terminal elimination half-life of the compound was relatively short (0.5 h in rats and 1.3 h in monkeys), although there is evidence of a second elimination phase in monkeys, with an elimination half-life of approximately 5–11 h. In mice, plasma concentrations of ropinirole following intravenous injection were not determined; however, at the study dose described herein, plasma concentrations of ropinirole in mice were below the limit of quantification (0.08 ng/mL). Ropinirole is extensively metabolized in both animals and humans. In rats, the primary metabolic pathway is hydroxylation of the aromatic ring to 7-hydroxyropinirole. In mice, monkeys, and humans, the primary metabolic pathway is N-depropylation. The N-depropylate metabolite is further metabolized to 7-hydroxy and carboxylic acid derivatives. In all species, the generated metabolites are generally further metabolized via glucuronidation. 7-Hydroxyropinirole is the only ropinirole metabolite previously shown to have significant in vivo dopamine agonist activity. In all species, the primary route of excretion of ropinirole-related substances following oral or intravenous administration is the kidneys (60–90% of the dose). Ropinirole is a selective non-ergot dopamine D2 receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. After oral administration, ropinirole is rapidly and almost completely absorbed and widely distributed throughout the bloodstream. Its bioavailability is approximately 50%. Ropinirole has low plasma protein binding. The drug is inactivated after hepatic metabolism, and its major circulating metabolites are pharmacologically inactive. The main metabolic enzyme is the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme CYP1A2. The pharmacokinetics of ropinirole are approximately linear with single or repeated administration, with a half-life of approximately 6 hours. Population pharmacokinetic studies have shown that sex, mild or moderate renal impairment, Parkinson's disease stage, comorbidities, or several common concomitant medications do not affect the pharmacokinetics of ropinirole. Clearance is slower in patients over 65 years of age compared to younger patients; clearance is also slower in women receiving hormone replacement therapy compared to women not receiving hormone replacement therapy. When the CYP1A2 inhibitor ciprofloxacin is co-administered with ropinirole, the plasma concentration of ropinirole increases, but no interaction is observed when co-administered with theophylline (which, like ropinirole, is a CYP1A2 substrate). The plasma concentration-effect relationship of ropinirole is not significant. Ropinirole is widely distributed throughout the body, with an apparent volume of distribution of 7.5 L/kg. Its plasma protein binding rate is as high as 40%, and the ratio of plasma concentration to blood concentration is 1:1. After oral administration, ropinirole is rapidly absorbed, reaching peak plasma concentration in approximately 1–2 hours. In clinical trials, over 88% of the radiolabeled dose was recovered in the urine, with an absolute bioavailability of 45%–55%, indicating a first-pass effect of approximately 50%. The relative bioavailability of tablets compared to oral solutions is 85%. Food does not affect the absorption of ropinirole, but when taken with a high-fat meal, its time to peak concentration (Tmax) is prolonged by 2.5 hours, and its peak concentration (Cmax) is reduced by approximately 25%. For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of ropinirole (6 items), please visit the HSDB record page. Metabolism/Metabolites ropinirole is primarily metabolized in the liver. The most important metabolic pathways are N-depropylation and hydroxylation, producing N-depropyl and hydroxy metabolites, both of which are inactive. The N-depropyl metabolite is subsequently converted to carbamoyl glucuronide, carboxylic acid, and N-depropyl hydroxy metabolite. Following this process, the hydroxy metabolite of ropinirole undergoes rapid glucuronidation. In vitro studies have shown that the main cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in ropinirole metabolism is CYP1A2. Ropinirole is primarily metabolized in the liver. The N-depropyl metabolite is the main circulating metabolite in plasma. Based on AUC data, the plasma concentration of this metabolite was consistently higher than that of the parent drug, suggesting that the conversion of ropinirole to the N-depropyl metabolite is unsaturated. The N-depropyl metabolite has a lower affinity for the human clonal D2 receptor than ropinirole. Furthermore, this metabolite cannot cross the blood-brain barrier; therefore, it is unlikely to contribute to the therapeutic effect of ropinirole. The plasma concentration of the hydroxylated metabolite was low, approximately 1-5% of the ropinirole concentration. Although the hydroxylated metabolite showed higher activity than ropinirole in in vitro D2 receptor binding studies, it is not expected to contribute to the activity of ropinirole at therapeutic doses. Ropinirole is a novel compound used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This study investigated its in vivo distribution and metabolic pathways in mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans via oral and intravenous administration of ropinirole hydrochloride. …In rats, the main metabolic pathway is hydroxylation of the aromatic ring to 7-hydroxyropinirole. In mice, monkeys, and humans, the main metabolic pathway is N-depropylation. The N-depropyl metabolite is further metabolized to 7-hydroxy and carboxylic acid derivatives. In all species, the generated metabolites are typically further metabolized via glucuronidation. 7-hydroxyropinirole is the only ropinirole metabolite previously shown to have significant in vivo dopamine agonist activity. ...
The dopamine receptor agonist ropinirole (SKF-101468) is used to treat Parkinson's disease. Ropinirole can be metabolized through two pathways to produce a series of different metabolites, but the dominant metabolic pathway varies by species. It is currently unclear whether any of these metabolites contributes to its anti-Parkinson's activity, or whether D3 or D2 receptor agonist activity plays a dominant role. Therefore, this study tested ropinirole and its major metabolites SKF-104557, SKF-97930, and SKF-96990, as well as the rat metabolite SKF-89124, in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease model. SKF-89124 and SKF-96990 were also subjected to radioligand binding and microphysiological assays, detecting cloned human dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Ropinirole and SKF-89124 showed comparable potency in vivo, both increasing circling behavior in a dose-dependent manner, with subcutaneous doses of 0.05–0.8 mg kg⁻¹ for ropinirole and 0.05–0.75 mg kg⁻¹ for SKF-89124. SKF-96990 and SKF-97930 did not increase circling frequency at doses up to 15 mg kg⁻¹. Some circling behavior was observed in SKF-104557 at a dose of 15 mg kg⁻¹, but its response was less than half that of ropinirole (0.8 mg kg⁻¹). SKF-104557 is 150 times less potent than ropinirole. In radioligand binding assays, SKF-89124 showed a 30-fold higher affinity for the D3 receptor than for the D2 receptor, but no selectivity was observed in functional microphysiological assays. In radioligand binding assays, SKF-96990 showed a 10-fold higher selectivity for the D3 receptor than for the D2 receptor. In radioligand binding assays, both ropinirole and SKF-104557 showed a 20-fold higher selectivity for the D3 receptor than for the D2 receptor, but only a 10-fold selectivity in microphysiological assays. SKF-97930 showed no activity in either radioligand binding assays or microphysiological assays. The major metabolites of ropinirole contributed little to its activity in this Parkinson's disease model. Ropinirone lacks selectivity for dopamine D3/D2 receptors, thus ruling out the possibility of linking the level of D2 or D3 receptor activity to the behavioral therapeutic effects of ropinirone. This study aimed to identify the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of ropinirone by metabolizing it in vitro. The metabolic pathway of ropinirone after incubation with human liver microsomes involves N-depropylation and hydroxylation. Enzyme kinetics indicated that each metabolic pathway involves at least two enzymes. There is a high-affinity fraction (K_m of 5–87 μM) and a low-affinity fraction (K_m of approximately two orders of magnitude higher). Pre-incubation of microsomes with furazolidone eliminated the high-affinity fraction. Furthermore, incubation of ropinirone with microsomes derived from CYP1A2-transfected cells rapidly produced N-depropylation and hydroxylation metabolites. Ketoconazole was also observed to inhibit ropinirone metabolism, suggesting a smaller role for CYP3A. Multivariate correlation data are consistent with the involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2 and 3A in ropinirole metabolism. Therefore, it can be concluded that at lower (clinically relevant) concentrations, the primary P450 enzyme responsible for ropinirole metabolism is CYP1A2, while the role of CYP3A is primarily observed at higher concentrations. Known metabolites of ropinirole include 4-[2-(dipropylamino)ethyl]-7-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one and 4-(2-(propylamino)ethyl)indolin-2-one. In the liver, ropinirole is primarily metabolized to inactive metabolites via N-depropionylation and hydroxylation pathways, mainly catalyzed by the P450 isoenzyme CYP1A2. N-Depropylropinirole is the major metabolite in urine (40%), followed by the carboxylic acid metabolite (10%) and the glucuronide of the hydroxyl metabolite (10%). Elimination pathway: Ropinirole is primarily metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites, with less than 10% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Half-life: 6 hours (bioactive half-life): approximately 6 hours. Terminal elimination half-life: approximately 6 hours (range 2-27 hours)... Ropinirole is a novel compound used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This study investigated its distribution and metabolic pathways in mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans via oral and intravenous administration of ropinirole hydrochloride. The compound has a relatively short terminal elimination half-life (0.5 hours in rats and 1.3 hours in monkeys), although there is evidence of a second elimination phase in monkeys, with an elimination half-life of approximately 5-11 hours.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Ropinirone hydrochloride is a dipropylaminoethyl indoleone derivative belonging to the non-ergot dopamine receptor agonist class. It is used to treat symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome. It is also used to treat symptoms of moderate to severe primary restless legs syndrome (RLS). Human Exposure and Toxicity: The maximum reported overdose of ropinirone in clinical trials was 435 mg (62.1 mg/day) over 7 days. Symptoms reported by patients taking more than 24 mg daily include common side effects during dopaminergic therapy (nausea, dizziness), as well as visual hallucinations, hyperhidrosis, claustrophobia, chorea, palpitations, weakness, and nightmares. Other symptoms reported by patients taking 24 mg or less or overdoses (dose unknown) include vomiting, worsening cough, fatigue, syncope, vasovagal syncope, movement disorders, agitation, chest pain, orthostatic hypotension, drowsiness, and confusion. Post-marketing reports indicate that patients may experience new or worsening mental and behavioral changes, which can be severe, including psychotic-like behaviors, while taking ropinirole or after starting or increasing the dose of ropinirole. These abnormal thoughts and behaviors may include one or more manifestations such as delusions, illusions, hallucinations, confusion, psychotic-like behaviors, disorientation, aggressive behavior, agitation, and delirium. Case reports indicate that patients taking one or more drugs that enhance central dopaminergic tone, including ropinirole, may experience intense gambling urges, increased libido, intense spending urges, binge eating or compulsive eating, and/or other intense and uncontrollable urges. These drugs are commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. In some cases (but not all), these urges have been reported to disappear upon dose reduction or discontinuation. Ropinirole does not cause chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Animal studies: Ropinirole has a biphasic effect on motor activity. Low doses inhibit spontaneous movement, while high doses stimulate movement. In mice, intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg caused inhibition and stimulation, respectively. In rats, decreased activity was observed in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group, while hyperactivity was observed in the 1–30 mg/kg dose groups. Ropinirole caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate in anesthetized and awake spontaneously hypertensive rats. Single-dose studies were conducted in both mice and rats. Clinical symptoms were significantly dose-dependent, including hyperactivity, dyskinesia, stereotyped behaviors, tremors, convulsions, and ultimately death. A two-year carcinogenicity study of ropinirole was conducted in mice and rats at oral doses up to 50 mg/kg/day. In rats, all tested doses resulted in an increased incidence of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. In mice, a dose of 50 mg/kg/day resulted in an increased incidence of benign endometrial polyps. The endocrine mechanisms underlying these tumors in rats are considered to be unrelated to those in humans. Ropinirole was administered to mated female rats. No maternal deaths or abortions were observed. A dose-dependent increase in post-implantation embryo loss was observed (up to 43%), along with a decrease in average fetal weight. Delayed ossification of the hind limb metatarsals and other malformations, including phalangeal abnormalities, neural tube defects, and cardiovascular abnormalities, were observed in the fetuses. Rats were administered ropinirole at doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg/day from day 15 of gestation until weaning. No maternal death or abortion was observed. Although pups in the high-dose group had higher weights than the control group at 1–2 days after birth, their weight subsequently decreased, reaching 18% less than the control group by day 14. Female offspring exhibited reduced startle responses to auditory and tactile stimuli, while this was not observed in male offspring. Administration of ropinirole to female rats before mating, during mating, and throughout gestation resulted in implantation failure. This effect in rats is thought to be due to ropinirole's reduction of prolactin levels. In rats during the early prolactin-dependent period of pregnancy, oral administration of low-dose (5 mg/kg) ropinirole showed no effect on fertility in female rats at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day. No effect on male rat fertility was observed at doses up to 125 mg/kg/day. Ropinirole was not found to be mutagenic or chromosomally breakable in vitro (Ames test, mouse lymphoma Tk test) or in vivo mouse micronucleus assays. Ropinirole binds to dopamine receptors D3 and D2. Although the exact mechanism of action of ropinirole in treating Parkinson's disease is unclear, it is generally believed to be related to its ability to stimulate these receptors in the striatum. Animal electrophysiological studies support this conclusion, showing that ropinirole affects the firing frequency of striatal neurons by activating dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra (the site of neurons projecting to the striatum).

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Hepatotoxicity
Ropinirone has been reported to cause elevated serum transaminases or alkaline phosphatase in a small number of patients, but these abnormalities are usually mild, asymptomatic, and resolve spontaneously, even without dose adjustment. Ropinirone has been associated with a small number of cases of acute liver injury, but its clinical features and typical enzyme elevation patterns are not well understood. In one case report, the onset was 2 months, with a mixed pattern of liver enzyme elevations and marked jaundice. No immune hypersensitivity or autoimmune features were observed. The liver injury resolved within 2 months after discontinuation of the drug. Therefore, ropinirone can cause acute, clinically significant liver injury with jaundice, but this is rare.
Probability score: D (Possible, but rare, cause of clinically significant liver injury).

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Pregnancy and Lactation Effects
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation
There is currently no information on the use of ropinirone during lactation, but the drug suppresses serum prolactin levels, which may affect breastfeeding. Especially during the nursing of newborns or premature infants, alternative medications may be necessary.
◉ Effects on breastfed infants
No published information found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on lactation and breast milk
No published information found regarding breastfeeding mothers as of the revision date. Ropinirole can lower serum prolactin levels. Clinically, it has been successfully used to lower prolactin levels in women with hyperprolactinemia and alleviate galactorrhea symptoms. For mothers who have established lactation, prolactin levels may not affect their ability to breastfeed.

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Protein binding
40% bound to plasma proteins, with a serum-to-plasma ratio of 1:1.

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Drug interactions
Because ropinirole is a dopamine agonist, dopamine antagonists (such as neuroleptics (e.g., phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanone) or metoclopramide) may reduce the efficacy of Requip.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that higher doses of estrogen (often associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)) reduced ropinirole clearance. Starting or stopping HRT may require dose adjustment of Requip.
There is currently no information regarding potential interactions between Requip and alcohol. As with other central nervous system active drugs, patients should be advised to avoid alcohol consumption while taking Requip.
This study investigated the effects of Requip (2 mg, three times daily) on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin (0.125–0.25 mg, once daily) in patients with Parkinson's disease (n=10, mean age 72 years). Results showed that, at steady state, co-administration with Requip resulted in a 10% decrease in digoxin AUC, but no change in mean trough concentration. However, the effect of higher recommended doses of Requip on digoxin pharmacokinetics remains unclear. For more complete data on interactions with ropinirole (12 items in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Non-human toxicity values
Rat intravenous LD50: 66 mg/kg
Rat oral LD50: 862 mg/kg
Mouse intravenous LD50: 46 mg/kg
Mouse oral LD50: 657 mg/kg

[1]. Preclinical pharmacology of ropinirole (SK&F 101468-A) a novel dopamine D2 agonist. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1991. 38(1): p. 147-54.

[2]. Ropinirole regulates emotionality and neuronal activity markers in the limbic forebrain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Dec;17(12):1981-93.

Therapeutic Uses
Anti-Parkinson's Disease Drug; Dopamine Agonist
/Clinical Trials/ ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database that lists human clinical studies funded by public and private institutions worldwide. The website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each record on ClinicalTrials.gov includes a summary of the study protocol, including: the disease or condition; the intervention (e.g., the medical product, behavior, or procedure under investigation); the title, description, and design of the study; participation requirements (eligibility criteria); the location of the study; contact information for the study location; and links to relevant information from other health websites, such as the NLM's MedlinePlus (for providing patient health information) and PubMed (for providing citations and abstracts of academic articles in the medical field). Ropinirole is listed in this database.
Requip is indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. /US Product Label Contains/
Requip is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe primary restless legs syndrome (RLS). /US product label contains/
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of ropinirole (ROPINIROLE) (out of 7), please visit the HSDB record page.
Drug Warnings

Post-marketing reports indicate that new or worsening changes in mental status and behavior, including psychotic-like behaviors, may occur during treatment with Requip or after starting or increasing the dose of Requip. These changes may be serious. Other medications used to improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease may also have similar effects on thought and behavior. Such abnormal thought and behavior may include one or more manifestations such as delusional ideas, illusions, hallucinations, confusion, psychotic-like behaviors, disorientation, aggressive behavior, agitation, and delirium.
Ropinirole (Requip) should generally not be used to treat patients with severe psychosis due to the risk of exacerbating psychosis. Additionally, some medications used to treat psychosis may worsen symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may reduce the effectiveness of ropinirole.
The safety and efficacy of ropinirole in pediatric patients have not been established. Ropinirone inhibits the secretion of prolactin in the human body and may suppress lactation. Ropinirone has been detected in rat milk. It is currently unknown whether this drug is excreted into human milk. Because many drugs are excreted into breast milk, caution should be exercised when breastfeeding women take ropinirone (Requip). For more complete data on drug warnings for ropinirone (21 in total), please visit the HSDB record page. Pharmacodynamics Effects on Parkinson's Disease and Restless Legs Syndrome This drug relieves or improves symptoms of Parkinson's disease or restless legs syndrome by stimulating dopamine receptors (which regulate movement). Effects on Blood Pressure Clinical experience with dopamine agonists (including ropinirone) suggests an association with impaired blood pressure regulation, leading to orthostatic hypotension, particularly in dose-escalating patients. In some clinical studies, changes in blood pressure have been associated with orthostatic symptoms, bradycardia, and one case of transient sinus arrest with syncope occurred in a healthy volunteer. The mechanism by which ropinirole induces orthostatic hypotension is believed to be due to a weakened D2 receptor-mediated noradrenergic response, leading to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. Nausea is also a common symptom associated with orthostatic hypotension. Effects on prolactin Oral doses as low as 0.2 mg of ropinirole can suppress serum prolactin concentrations in healthy male volunteers. In the dose range of 0.01 to 2.5 mg, ropinirole has no dose-related effects on ECG waveforms and rhythms in young, healthy male volunteers. Effects on QT interval At doses up to 4 mg/day, ropinirole has no dose- or exposure-related effects on the mean QT interval in healthy male and female volunteers. The effects of ropinirole on the QTc interval at high exposures (possibly due to drug interactions, hepatic impairment, or higher doses) have not been adequately evaluated.

C16H24N2O

260.37456

260.188

C, 73.81; H, 9.29; N, 10.76; O, 6.14

91374-21-9

Ropinirole hydrochloride; 91374-20-8; Ropinirole-d14; 1132746-05-4

5095

Solid powder

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

410.5±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg

243-250°C

202.0±28.7 °C

0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C

1.539

3.19

32.34

1

2

7

19

287

0

O=C1CC2C(=CC=CC=2CCN(CCC)CCC)N1

UHSKFQJFRQCDBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C16H24N2O/c1-3-9-18(10-4-2)11-8-13-6-5-7-15-14(13)12-16(19)17-15/h5-7H,3-4,8-12H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19)

4-[2-(dipropylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one

Ropinirole; AS-041164; SKF 101468; AS 041164; SKF-101,468; AS041164; SKF 101468

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。