GLP-1 receptor

与人 GLP-1（Aib8、Arg34）相比，索马鲁肽有两个氨基酸取代，并且在赖氨酸 26 处衍生化。索马鲁肽的 GLP-1R 亲和力为 0.38±0.06 nM[1]。 Semaglutide 是一种 GLP-1 类似物，与人 GLP-1 具有 94% 的序列同源性[3]。

小型猪静脉注射后索马鲁肽的血浆半衰期为 46 小时，小型猪皮下给药后索马鲁肽的 MRT 为 63.6 小时[1]。 Semaglutide 可改善 1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶 (MPTP) 引起的运动障碍。此外，索马鲁肽还可以挽救酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）水平的降低，减轻炎症反应，减少脂质过氧化，抑制细胞凋亡途径，并增加自噬相关蛋白的表达，以保护黑质和纹状体的多巴胺能神经元。此外，长效GLP-1类似物索马鲁肽在大多数参数上均优于NN-2211[2]。

HEK293‐SNAP‐GLP‐1R细胞在悬浮液中用SNAP‐Lumi4‐Tb（40 nM，Cisbio，Codelet，France）在室温下在完全培养基中培养1小时。在含有0.1%牛血清白蛋白和代谢抑制剂（20 mmol/L 2-脱氧葡萄糖和10 mmol/L NaN3）以防止GLP‐1R内化，如前所述，使用exendin（9‐39）和异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）安装在K12位置，通过时间分辨förster共振能量转移（FRET）进行结合实验。[4]

Semagulide激活胰腺β细胞中的GLP-1受体，导致葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素释放。它还能减少胰高血糖素的分泌，减缓胃排空，促进饱腹感。

Mice: Male C57BL/6 mice 10 weeks old (20-25 g) are used throughout the study. Six groups of mice are randomly assigned (n = 12 per group). The treatments were as follows: (i) saline alone was given to the control group; (ii) NN-2211 group received saline and NN-2211 (25 nmol/kg ip. once daily for 7 days); (iii) Semaglutide group received saline and Semaglutide (25 nmol/kg ip. once daily for 7 days); (iv) MPTP group received MPTP alone (once daily 20 mg/kg ip. for 7 days); (v) MPTP (once daily 20 mg/kg ip. for 7 days) was immediately followed by NN-2211 treated group (25 nmol/kg ip. once daily for 7 days). (vi) MPTP (20 mg/kg i.p. once daily for 7 days), which was immediately followed by the group treated with semaglutide (25 nmol/kg i.p. once daily for 7 days). Measure behavioral changes, neuronal damage, inflammatory markers, and other biomarkers at the conclusion of drug treatments[2].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The Cmax of semaglutide was 10.9 nmol/L, with AUC of 3123.4 nmol h/L and a Tmax of 56 h in one clinical trial, achieved within 1-3 days. The absolute bioavailability is 89%. Steady-state concentration of the oral tablet is achieved in 4-5 weeks. Average steady state concentrations of semaglutide are the mean steady state concentrations after dosing at 0.5mg to 1mg range from 16 nmol/L to 30 nmol/L.
This drug is mainly cleared by the kidneys, and is found excreted in both the urine and feces. The main elimination route is the urine by corresponding to 53% of an ingested radiolabeled dose, with 18.6% found in the feces. A smaller amount of 3.2% was found to be exhaled. Hepatic impairment does not appear to affect the clearance of this drug and dose adjustments are not required in patients with decreased liver function.
The volume of distribution of semaglutide is 8L to 9.4L. It crosses the placenta in rats.
The clearance rate of semaglutide is 0.039 L/h according to one clinical study. On the FDA label, semaglutide clearance is reported to be about 0.05 L/h in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Semaglutide is cleaved at the peptide backbone, followed by β‐oxidation of the fatty acid chain. Naturally occurring GLP‐1 is quickly metabolized by dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) and other enzymes, which is ubiquitous in human tissues. Chemical structure modifications render semaglutide less susceptible to enzymatic degradation by gastrointestinal DPP‐4 enzymes. It is slowly and extensively metabolized, with about 83% of the administered dose measured in the plasma as unchanged drug. Neural endopeptidase (NEP) is another enzyme that metabolizes this drug. DPP-4 inactivates semaglutide, truncating the N-terminal segment while NEP hydrolyzes peptide bondsSix different metabolites of semaglutide have been identified in human plasma. The major metabolite, named P3, accounts for about 7.7% of an ingested dose.

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Biological Half-Life
One of the major properties of semaglutide is its long half-life of 168 h. The long half-life is attributed to its albumin binding. This lowers the renal clearance and protects semaglutide from metabolic breakdown.

Hepatotoxicity
In large clinical trials, serum enzyme elevations were no more common with semaglutide therapy than with placebo or comparator agents, and no instances of clinically apparent liver injury were reported. Indeed, treatment with semaglutide and other GLP-1 analogues is often associated with improvements in serum aminotransferase levels (and hepatic steatosis) making them possible treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver. Since licensure, there have been no published case reports of hepatotoxicity due to semaglutide and the product label does not list liver injury as an adverse event. Thus, liver injury due to semaglutide must be rare, if it occurs at all.
Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the clinical use of semaglutide during breastfeeding. Because semaglutide is a peptide molecule with a molecular weight of 4113 Da and is over 99% protein bound, the amount in milk is likely to be very low. Furthermore, semaglutide is only 0.4% to 1% orally absorbed, so it is unlikely to adversely affect the breastfed infant.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◈ What is semaglutide?
Semaglutide is a medication that has been used to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes. It is available as an injection (given by shot) or by tablet (taken by mouth). The injectable form is sold under the brand name Ozempic®. The tablet form is sold under the brand name Rybelsus®.Semaglutide can also be used as an injection to treat obesity. A brand name for semaglutide used for weight management is Wegovy®. Weight loss is not recommended during pregnancy. Talk with your healthcare providers about using Wegovy® and what treatment is best for you.It is important to talk with your healthcare providers before making any changes to how you take your medication. Your healthcare providers can talk with you about the benefits of treating your condition and the risks of untreated illness during pregnancy.Obesity and high/uncontrolled blood sugar can make it harder to get pregnant, and increase the chance of miscarriage, birth defects, or other pregnancy complications. MotherToBaby has fact sheets on diabetes https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/type-1-and-type-2-diabetes/ and obesity https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/obesity-pregnancy/.
◈ I am taking semaglutide, but I would like to stop taking it before getting pregnant. How long does the drug stay in my body?
People eliminate medication at different rates. In healthy adults, it can take up to 6 weeks, on average, for most of the semaglutide to be gone from the body. The product labels for Ozempic®, Wegovy®, and Rybelsus® recommend people who are planning a pregnancy to stop this medication 2 months before a pregnancy.
◈ I take semaglutide. Can it make it harder for me to get pregnant?
It is not known if semaglutide can make it harder to get pregnant.
◈ Does taking semaglutide increase the chance of miscarriage?
Miscarriage is common and can occur in any pregnancy for many different reasons. Studies have not been done in humans to see if semaglutide increases the chance of miscarriage. Animal studies have reported a higher chance for miscarriage. It is unclear if this finding was due to the medication or from weight loss. As there can be many causes of miscarriage, it is hard to know if the medication, the medical condition, or other factors are the cause of a miscarriage.
◈ Does taking semaglutide increase the chance of birth defects?*
Every pregnancy starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a birth defect. This is called the background risk. Research studies have not been done to see if semaglutide increases the chance of birth defects in humans. There has been one report of a person who got pregnant while taking semaglutide. The person stayed on semaglutide for the first 3-4 weeks of pregnancy and gave birth to a child without reported birth defects.In animal studies done by the manufacturer, an increased chance for some birth defects was seen. However, this happened when the amount of semaglutide given was toxic to the mother animal. Also, it is unclear if the reported birth defects were due to the medication or other factors in the study (such as weight loss).Because high/uncontrolled blood sugar can increase the chance of birth defects and other pregnancy complications, it is important to weigh the benefit of using semaglutide against the risks of the untreated condition. Talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to treat your condition in pregnancy.
◈ Does taking semaglutide in pregnancy increase the chance of other pregnancy-related problems?
Human studies have not been done to see if semaglutide increases the chance for pregnancy-related problems such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). Animal studies reported offspring that were smaller than usual when the parent animal was exposed to doses higher than the dose used in humans. It is unclear if this was due to the medication, weight loss, or that the study animals were healthy and did not need to take semaglutide to stay healthy.
◈ Does taking semaglutide in pregnancy affect future behavior or learning for the child?
Studies have not been done to see if semaglutide can cause behavior or learning issues for the child.
◈ Breastfeeding while taking semaglutide:
There is no available information about semaglutide and human breastmilk. Based on an animal study, semaglutide is expected to get into breastmilk in small amounts. Your healthcare providers can talk with you about using semaglutide and what treatment is best for you. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all your breastfeeding questions.The product label for Rybelsus® recommends that people who are breastfeeding not use the tablet form of the medication if they are breastfeeding an infant. This is because there is a theoretical concern that using the tablet form of this medication could lead to higher levels in a nursing infant. However, the benefit of using semaglutide may outweigh possible risks. Your healthcare provider can talk with you about using semaglutide in these other forms (tablet versus injectable) and what treatment is best for you.
◈ If a male takes semaglutide, could it affect fertility or increase the chance of birth defects?
Studies have not been done in humans to see if semaglutide could affect male fertility (ability to get partner pregnant) or increase the chance of birth defects above the background risk. There were no changes in male fertility reported in one animal study using the dose of semaglutide that would be used in humans. In general, exposures that fathers or sperm donors have are unlikely to increase risks to a pregnancy. For more information, please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures at https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/.

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Protein Binding
Semaglutide binds with high affinity to plasma albumin, promoting high levels of drug stability. It is more than 99% bound to albumin.

[1]. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834-1844.

[2]. Neuroprotective effects of the novel GLP-1 long acting analogue semaglutide in the MPTP Parkinson's disease mouse model. Neuropeptides. 2018 Oct;71:70-80.

[3]. Semaglutide: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2018 Feb;78(2):275-284.

Pharmacodynamics
Semaglutide reduces HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and body weight. After 12 weeks of treatment, semaglutide decreased fasting and postprandial glucose by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucagon secretion (which is normally associated with increases in blood sugar). Semaglutide also lowers fasting triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, exerting beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Semaglutide has been shown to cause medullary thyroid cell carcinoma in rodents. While its clinical relevance to humans is unknown, the FDA advises not to administer this drug in those with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Semaglutide also poses a risk of pancreatitis and dehydration. Patients must be adequately hydrated while on semaglutide and are advised to seek medical attention immediately in cases of abdominal pain radiating to the back. Because this drug delays gastric emptying, it is important to monitor for the efficacy or adverse effects of other drugs that are administered orally.

C187H291N45O59

4113.5776

4111.12

C, 54.60; H, 7.13; N, 15.32; O, 22.95

910463-68-2

1997361-85-9 (Semaglutide acetate); 910463-68-2 (Semaglutide free base); 2924330-56-1 (sodium)

56843331

H-His-Aib-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Arg-Gly-Arg-Gly-OH

HXEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVRGR G

White to off-white solid powder

-5.8

1650Ų

57

63

151

291

9590

30

CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CC[C@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC6=CN=CN6)N

DLSWIYLPEUIQAV-CCUURXOWSA-N

InChI=1S/C187H291N45O59/c1-18-105(10)154(180(282)208-108(13)159(261)216-133(86-114-89-200-119-50-40-39-49-117(114)119)170(272)218-129(82-102(4)5)171(273)228-152(103(6)7)178(280)215-121(53-44-72-199-186(192)193)162(264)201-91-141(242)209-120(52-43-71-198-185(190)191)161(263)204-94-151(257)258)230-172(274)131(83-111-45-33-31-34-46-111)219-167(269)126(64-69-149(253)254)214-166(268)122(51-41-42-70-195-144(245)98-290-79-78-289-76-74-197-145(246)99-291-80-77-288-75-73-196-139(240)66-61-127(183(285)286)211-140(241)54-37-29-27-25-23-21-19-20-22-24-26-28-30-38-55-146(247)248)212-158(260)107(12)206-157(259)106(11)207-165(267)125(60-65-138(189)239)210-142(243)92-202-163(265)123(62-67-147(249)250)213-168(270)128(81-101(2)3)217-169(271)130(85-113-56-58-116(238)59-57-113)220-175(277)135(95-233)223-177(279)137(97-235)224-179(281)153(104(8)9)229-174(276)134(88-150(255)256)221-176(278)136(96-234)225-182(284)156(110(15)237)231-173(275)132(84-112-47-35-32-36-48-112)222-181(283)155(109(14)236)227-143(244)93-203-164(266)124(63-68-148(251)252)226-184(287)187(16,17)232-160(262)118(188)87-115-90-194-100-205-115/h31-36,39-40,45-50,56-59,89-90,100-110,118,120-137,152-156,200,233-238H,18-30,37-38,41-44,51-55,60-88,91-99,188H2,1-17H3,(H2,189,239)(H,194,205)(H,195,245)(H,196,240)(H,197,246)(H,201,264)(H,202,265)(H,203,266)(H,204,263)(H,206,259)(H,207,267)(H,208,282)(H,209,242)(H,210,243)(H,211,241)(H,212,260)(H,213,270)(H,214,268)(H,215,280)(H,216,261)(H,217,271)(H,218,272)(H,219,269)(H,220,277)(H,221,278)(H,222,283)(H,223,279)(H,224,281)(H,225,284)(H,226,287)(H,227,244)(H,228,273)(H,229,276)(H,230,274)(H,231,275)(H,232,262)(H,247,248)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,285,286)(H4,190,191,198)(H4,192,193,199)/t105-,106-,107-,108-,109+,110+,118-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-/m0/s1

18-[[(1R)-4-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[[(5S)-5-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-2-methylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[[2-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-1-carboxy-4-oxobutyl]amino]-18-oxooctadecanoic acid

NN 9535; NN9535; NN-9535; Ozempic; NNC 0113-0217; NNC-0113-0217; NNC0113-0217; Semaglutide; Ozempic; Rybelsus; NN9535; UNII-53AXN4NNHX; Wegovy; NN 9535;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: ~50 mg/mL (~12.2 mM)
DMSO: ~5 mg/mL (~1.2 mM)

如何溶解多肽，详情请参考右上角《产品说明书》第3页：“多肽溶解指南”。

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注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。