阿昔洛韦钠（3-100 µM；24-72 小时；Jurkat、U937 和 K562 白血病细胞）会降低细胞活力，其程度取决于剂量和时间 [1]。阿昔洛韦钠（10-100 µM；24-72 小时；Jurkat 细胞）提高亚 G1 亚二倍体峰值并抑制 DNA 合成，使细胞周期停止在 G2/M 和 S 期。 1]。阿昔洛韦钠（10-100 µM；24-72 小时；Jurkat 细胞）可激活 caspase-3 并使核 DNA 片段化，从而导致细胞凋亡 [1]。

阿昔洛韦钠（20 mg/kg；口服；每日 3 次；10 天）可防止皮肤损伤的形成，并将抗体的形成与 DTH 反应分开。 [3]

细胞活力测定[1]
细胞类型： Jurkat、U937 和 K562 白血病细胞
测试浓度： 3、10、30 和 100 µM
孵育持续时间：24、48和72小时
实验结果：证明细胞活力呈剂量和时间依赖性下降。

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细胞凋亡分析[1]
细胞类型： Jurkat 细胞
测试浓度： 10 和 100 µM
孵育持续时间：24、48 和 72 小时
实验结果：增加 caspase-3 活性和核小体间 DNA 裂解。

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细胞周期分析[1]
细胞类型： Jurkat 细胞
测试浓度： 10 和 100 µM
孵化持续时间：24、48和72小时
实验结果：24和48小时（hrs（小时）后，S期细胞的剂量依赖性积累））。 72小时后，亚G1亚二倍体峰出现剂量依赖性增加。

Animal/Disease Models: Specific - Pathogen-free balb/c (Bagg ALBino) mouse (7 weeks old) infected with HSV-1 [3]
Doses: 20 mg/kg
Route of Administration: po (po (oral gavage)) three times daily; for 10 days
Experimental Results: Inhibition of skin The lesions develop and result in a dissociation between the DTH response and antibody production.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The oral bioavailability of acyclovir is 10-20%, but decreases with increasing dose. The absorption rate of acyclovir ointment is <0.02-9.4%. The absorption rate of acyclovir oral tablets and eye ointment is extremely low. Food does not affect the bioavailability of acyclovir. The mean time to peak concentration (Tmax) of acyclovir is 1.1 ± 0.4 hours, the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is 593.7-656.5 ng/mL, and the mean area under the curve (AUC) is 2956.6-3102.5 h/ng/mL. Most acyclovir is excreted unchanged in the urine. 90-92% of the drug is excreted unchanged via glomerular filtration and renal tubular secretion. Less than 2% of the drug is excreted, and less than 0.1% is excreted as carbon dioxide. The volume of distribution of acyclovir is 0.6 L/kg. The renal clearance of acyclovir is 248 ml/min/1.73 m². The total clearance in newborns is 105-122 ml/min/1.73 m². Absorption of acyclovir in the gastrointestinal tract is variable and incomplete. The absorption rate of oral doses is 15-30%. Some data suggest that gastrointestinal absorption of acyclovir may reach saturation. In a crossover study, healthy adults were given 200 mg capsules, 400 mg tablets, or 800 mg tablets six times daily. The results showed that absorption decreased with increasing dose, with bioavailability of 20%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. …This decrease in bioavailability appears to be a result of dose-increasing activity rather than dosage form differences. Furthermore, within the oral dosage range of 200-800 mg six times daily, steady-state plasma peak and trough concentrations of acyclovir were not dose-dependent, with mean values of 0.83 and 0.46 μg/mL for the 200 mg, 400 mg, and 800 mg dose groups, 1.21 and 0.63 μg/mL, and 1.61 and 0.83 μg/mL, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations typically occur within 1.5-2.5 hours after oral administration. In a multi-dose study of neonates under 3 months of age, intravenous infusions of 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg acyclovir every 8 hours for 1 hour resulted in mean steady-state serum peak concentrations of 6.8, 13.9, and 19.6 μg/mL, and mean steady-state serum trough concentrations of 1.2, 2.3, and 3.1 μg/mL, respectively. In another multidose study of pediatric patients, intravenous infusions of 250 or 500 mg/m² of acyclovir every 8 hours for 1 hour resulted in mean steady-state peak serum concentrations of 10.3 and 20.7 μg/ml, respectively. Acyclovir is widely distributed throughout the body's tissues and fluids, including the brain, kidneys, saliva, lungs, liver, muscles, spleen, uterus, vaginal mucosa and secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, and herpetic vesicular fluid. The drug is also distributed in semen; during chronic treatment with daily oral doses of 400 mg and 1 g, semen concentrations were approximately 1.4 times and 4 times higher than plasma concentrations, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (VOD) of acyclovir in adults is reported to be 32.4–61.8 L/1.73 m², while the VODs in newborns under 3 months of age, children aged 1–2 years, children aged 2–7 years, and children aged 7–12 years are 28.8, 31.6, 42, or 51.2–53.6 L/1.73 m², respectively. Acyclovir crosses the placenta. Limited data suggest that the drug is distributed into breast milk at concentrations typically higher than maternal plasma concentrations, likely through an active transport mechanism. For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of acyclovir (13 types), please visit the HSDB record page. Metabolites/Metabolites: Acyclovir is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, with less than 15% converted to 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine; and by aldehyde oxidase 8-hydroxylation, with 1% converted to 8-hydroxyacyclovir. Viral thymidine kinase converts acyclovir to acyclovir monophosphate. Acyclovir monophosphate is then converted to its diphosphate form via guanylate kinase. Acyclovir diphosphate is then converted to acyclovir triphosphate via nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, succinyl-CoA synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase, and adenosine succinate synthase. Acyclovir is partially metabolized to 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine, and a small amount is metabolized to 8-hydroxy-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine. In vitro studies have shown that in cells infected with herpesvirus, acyclovir is primarily metabolized to acyclovir monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate through intracellular phosphorylation by viral-encoded thymidine kinase and various cellular enzymes. The clearance period for acyclovir is 2.5–3 hours, depending on the patient's creatinine clearance rate. During hemodialysis, the plasma half-life of acyclovir is approximately 5 hours. In patients aged 7 months to 7 years, the mean half-life is 2.6 hours. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir exhibit a biphasic decline. In adults with normal renal function, the mean initial phase half-life of acyclovir is 0.34 hours, and the mean terminal phase half-life is 2.1–3.5 hours. In adults with impaired renal function, both the initial and terminal phase half-lives may be prolonged, depending on the degree of renal impairment. A study in anuric adults showed a mean initial phase half-life of acyclovir of 0.71 hours. In multiple studies, the mean terminal phase half-life of acyclovir was 3, 3.5, or 19.5 hours in adults with creatinine clearance of 50–80 or 15–50 ml/min/1.73 m², and in anuric patients, respectively. In patients undergoing hemodialysis, the average end-stage half-life of acyclovir during hemodialysis is 5.4–5.7 hours. In newborns, the half-life of acyclovir depends primarily on the maturity of the renal excretion mechanism, which is determined by gestational age, chronological age, and body weight. In children over 1 year of age, the half-life appears to be similar to that in adults. At end-stage, the average half-life for newborns (under 3 months), children aged 1–2 years, children aged 2–12 years, or children aged 12–17 years is 3.8–4.1 hours, 1.9 hours, 2.2–2.9 hours, or 3.6 hours, respectively.

Hepatotoxicity
Despite the widespread use of acyclovir, there is little evidence that oral acyclovir causes serious liver injury. Serum enzyme levels typically do not change during oral acyclovir treatment. High-dose intravenous acyclovir is associated with renal impairment and thrombocytopenia, and occasionally causes transient, mild to moderate elevations in serum ALT levels, but these elevations are usually asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously. A few cases have been reported where acyclovir or valacyclovir (a prodrug of acyclovir, which is better absorbed orally) can cause acute, clinically significant liver injury, but the evidence for these cases is insufficient. Some degree of liver injury, even jaundice, can occur during herpes simplex or varicella-zoster infections, and these complications may be misdiagnosed as drug-induced liver injury. Furthermore, in the reported cases, patients were taking other medications concurrently and had other potential comorbidities that could lead to liver injury. Probability Score: D (Possibly a rare cause of clinically significant liver injury).

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Effects during pregnancy and lactation
◉ Overview of use during lactation
Even if the mother takes the highest dose, the amount of acyclovir in breast milk is only about 1% of the typical dose for the infant, and no adverse effects are expected on breastfed infants. Topical application of acyclovir to a small area of skin away from the breast does not pose a risk to the infant. Only water-soluble creams or gels should be applied to the breast, as ointments may expose the infant to high concentrations of mineral oil through licking. [1]
◉ Effects on breastfed infants
No adverse reactions were observed in the breastfed infant of a mother who was taking acyclovir (800 mg five times daily). [5]
◉ Effects on lactation and breast milk
No relevant published information was found as of the revision date.

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Protein binding
Acyclovir is bound to 9-33% of the protein in plasma.
Interactions
Acyclovir has been used concurrently with zidovudine…no evidence of increased toxicity was found; however, at least one patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reported neurotoxicity (deep somnolence and stupor) during combination therapy with this drug, which relapsed upon re-administration. This patient developed neurotoxicity 30–60 days after initiation of intravenous acyclovir treatment, and while symptoms improved with oral acyclovir, they persisted and resolved upon discontinuation of acyclovir.
This study reports the effects of azidothymidine combined with acyclovir on pluripotent (spleen colony-forming units) and directed (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units; erythroid burst-forming units) hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice. Azidothymidine alone caused severe hematologic toxicity, manifested by a significant reduction in all tested hematopoietic progenitor cell populations (including spleen colony-forming units, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units, and erythroid burst-forming units). However, hematopoietic function subsequently recovered rapidly. Acyclovir alone did not alter the hematological parameters studied, while the combination of azidothymidine and acyclovir resulted in changes in peripheral blood cells and bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells, but overall, these changes were not significantly different from those observed with azidothymidine alone. Only the reduction in spleen colony-forming units was more significant, but its recovery was as rapid as that of directed progenitor cells. Therefore, under the experimental conditions, adding acyclovir to azidothymidine did not appear to increase the latter's hematologic toxicity. The combined effects of acyclovir and chlorhexidine on herpes simplex virus replication and DNA synthesis were investigated. Acyclovir and chlorhexidine showed a synergistic effect in inhibiting viral replication, partly by enhancing the reduction in viral DNA synthesis. These data suggest that combination therapy with acyclovir and chlorhexidine may help control oral herpes infections. Acyclovir may reduce the renal clearance of other drugs actively cleared by the kidneys (e.g., methotrexate). For more complete data on interactions of acyclovir (6 drugs in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Non-human toxicity values
Oral LD50 in mice > 10,000 mg/kg
Intraperitoneal LD50 in mice 1,000 mg/kg

[1]. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia cells, and enhances chemotherapeutic drug cytotoxicity. Life Sci. 2018 Dec 15;215:80-85.

[2]. Synergistic antiviral activity of acyclovir and vidarabine against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral Res. 2006 Nov;72(2):157-61.

[3]. Acyclovir treatment of skin lesions results in immune deviation in mice infected cutaneously with herpes simplex virus. Antivir Chem Chemother. 1999 Sep;10(5):251-7.

[4]. Oral acyclovir as prophylaxis for bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia in adults. The Leukemia Group of Middle Sweden. Support Care Cancer. 1993 May;1(3):139-44.

Therapeutic Uses
Antiviral Drugs
Intravenous acyclovir sodium is used to treat primary and recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections, as well as varicella-zoster infection in immunocompromised adults and children; to treat severe primary genital herpes infection in immunocompetent individuals; and to treat HSV encephalitis and neonatal HSV infection.
Oral acyclovir is used to treat primary and recurrent genital herpes; to treat acute herpes zoster in immunocompetent individuals; and to treat varicella in immunocompetent individuals.
Oral acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of primary genital herpes infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Acyclovir for injection is indicated for the treatment of severe primary genital herpes infection in immunocompetent patients and patients who cannot take (or absorb) oral acyclovir. /US Product Label Contains/
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of acyclovir (15 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warning
Treatment with injectable acyclovir may cause signs and symptoms of encephalopathy. …Acyclovir should be used with caution in patients with underlying neurological abnormalities, severe renal, hepatic, or electrolyte abnormalities, or severe hypoxia. Caution should be exercised when using this drug in patients with a history of neurological reactions to cytotoxic drugs, or in patients currently receiving intrathecal methotrexate or interferon. Acyclovir should be used with caution in patients concurrently taking other nephrotoxic drugs, as these patients have an increased risk of acyclovir-induced renal impairment and/or reversible central nervous system symptoms. Patients receiving intravenous acyclovir should maintain adequate hydration; however, for patients with encephalitis, the recommended fluid volume should be weighed against the risk of cerebral edema. Because rapid intravenous administration of acyclovir increases the risk of kidney injury, acyclovir should only be administered by slow intravenous infusion (over 1 hour).
Currently, there are no adequate and controlled studies on the use of acyclovir in pregnant women. Therefore, it should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.
Maternal use generally compatible with breastfeeding: Acyclovir: Infant-reported signs or symptoms or effects on lactation: None. (Excerpt from Table 6)
For more complete data on drug warnings for acyclovir (20 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the activity of viral DNA polymerase and the DNA replication of various herpesviruses. Acyclovir has a wide therapeutic window, and overdose is rare in healthy patients.

C8H10N5NAO3

247.18

247.068

69657-51-8

Acyclovir;59277-89-3;Acyclovir alaninate;84499-64-9

135398513

Crystals from methanol
Crystals from ethanol
White, crystalline powder

613.1ºC at 760 mmHg

0.099

122.14

3

5

4

16

308

0

C1=NC2=C([N]1COCCO)N=C(N=C2[O-])N.[Na+]

MKUXAQIIEYXACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C8H11N5O3/c9-8-11-6-5(7(15)12-8)10-3-13(6)4-16-2-1-14/h3,14H,1-2,4H2,(H3,9,11,12,15)

2-amino-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-1H-purin-6-one

Aciclovir sodiumAcyclovir sodium

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。