| 规格 | 价格 | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
| 靶点 |
Cephalosporin antibiotic; bacterial cell wall synthesis; penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
|
|---|---|
| 体外研究 (In Vitro) |
头孢氨苄赖氨酸 (10 μg/mL) 会灭活一种称为青霉素结合蛋白 (PBP) 的酶，该酶会干扰聚合物肽聚糖 (PG) 的合成 [1]。头孢氨苄赖氨酸抑制许多革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌。炭疽杆菌、霍乱弧菌、爱德华氏菌属、多杀性巴斯德氏菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌和产碱菌的 MIC 值为 2。雷氏变形杆菌和雷氏变形杆菌分别为 2、2、2、4、4.4 和 5.7 μg/mL，见于[2]。 ]。
|
| 体内研究 (In Vivo) |
头孢氨苄赖氨酸（0-50 mg/kg；口服；3.5 小时）对感染微生物的雄性 Swiss-Webster 小鼠具有抗菌作用 [2]。
|
| 酶活实验 |
青霉素和相关的β -内酰胺构成了我们最古老和最广泛使用的抗生素疗法之一。人们早就知道，这些药物的靶点是一种叫做青霉素结合蛋白(PBPs)的酶，这种酶负责构建细菌细胞壁。研究了靶抑制的下游后果，以及它们如何导致这些重要药物的致命作用，我们证明了β -内酰胺不仅仅是像通常认为的那样抑制PBPs。相反，它们诱导目标生物合成机制发生毒性故障，涉及细胞壁合成和降解的无效循环，从而耗尽细胞资源并增强其杀伤活性。这种作用模式的表征还揭示了细胞壁基质中裂解键的酶的质量控制功能。因此，这些结果提供了对细胞壁组装机制的深入了解，并建议如何最好地干预未来抗生素开发的过程。[1]
|
| 动物实验 |
Animal/Disease Models: Bacterially infected male Swiss-Webster mice [2]
Doses: 0-50 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (po (oral gavage)) 3.5 hrs (hrs (hours)) Experimental Results: Against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and several Antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria in mice. |
| 药代性质 (ADME/PK) |
Absorption
Cefaloridine is well absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, with an oral bioavailability approaching 100%. Cefaloridine is not absorbed by the stomach but rather by the upper small intestine. The peak plasma concentration in patients taking 250 mg of Cefaloridine is 7.7 mcg/mL, and in patients taking 500 mg, the peak plasma concentration is 12.3 mcg/mL. Excretion Cefaloridine is excreted in the urine after 6 hours via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Over 90% of Cefaloridine is excreted in the urine, with an average urinary recovery rate of 99.3%. Cefaloridine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Volume of Distribution 5.2–5.8 L. Clearance The clearance rate in one subject was 376 mL/min. Less than 10% to 15% of the drug binds to plasma proteins, leading to a rapid decline in plasma drug concentration…Over 90% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine within 6 hours, primarily through renal tubular secretion. …Even in patients with impaired renal function, therapeutically effective concentrations can still be achieved in the urine. Cephalexin…is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. After oral administration of 250 mg and 500 mg, peak plasma drug concentrations are approximately 9 μg/mL and 18 μg/mL, respectively, reached approximately 1 hour after administration. Food intake may delay absorption. Absorption and excretion of cephalexin are impaired in newborns, with 24-hour urinary recovery rates ranging from 5% to 66% of the daily oral dose. Metabolism/Metabolites Cephalexin is not metabolized in the body. Biological Half-Life The half-life of cephalexin is 49.5 minutes on an empty stomach and 76.5 minutes after eating, but the difference between these two time points was not statistically significant in this study. The half-life of cephalexin in the serum of adults with normal renal function is 0.5–1.2 hours. It has been reported that the half-life of cephalexin in the serum of newborns is approximately 5 hours, and in children aged 3–12 months, it is approximately 2.5 hours. One study showed that the half-life in the serum of adults with a creatinine clearance of 9.2 ml/min is 7.7 hours, and in adults with a creatinine clearance of 4 ml/min, it is 13.9 hours. Protein Binding The binding rate of cephalexin to serum proteins (including serum albumin) is 10–15%. |
| 毒性/毒理 (Toxicokinetics/TK) |
Use of Cephalexin During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation Limited information suggests that low concentrations of cephalexin in breast milk after maternal administration generally do not adversely affect breastfed infants. Cephalexin is an alternative treatment for mastitis. There are reports that cephalosporins occasionally disrupt the infant's gut microbiota, leading to diarrhea or thrush, but these effects have not been fully assessed. There has been one rare case of a severe allergic reaction in an infant who had previously received intravenous cefazolin, and whose mother began taking cephalexin while breastfeeding. Cephalexin use is acceptable for breastfeeding women. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants In a prospective follow-up study, seven breastfeeding mothers reported taking cephalexin (dosage not specified). Two of these mothers reported their infants experiencing diarrhea. No rashes or candidiasis were reported in infants exposed to cephalexin. A prospective controlled study surveyed mothers who called the information service center about adverse reactions in their breastfed infants. One in 11 infants exposed to cephalexin reported diarrhea while their mothers were receiving cephalexin treatment. One woman received intravenous cefotaxime 1 gram every 6 hours for 3 days. Her breastfed infant developed green, loose stools, severe diarrhea, discomfort, and crying. The mother's regimen was subsequently changed to oral cephalexin 500 mg plus oral probenecid 500 mg four times daily for 16 days. During this period, the infant continued to have diarrhea. The authors believe the diarrhea may be related to cephalexin in the breast milk. A 4-month-old infant received intravenous cefazolin for a urinary tract infection. Nine days after discharge and discontinuation of cefazolin, the infant developed a vesicular rash covering most of the body and was diagnosed with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The infant was breastfed by their mother (degree of breastfeeding unknown), who had started taking cephalexin two days before the onset of symptoms. A lymphocyte transformation test performed 4 weeks after the completion of TEN treatment showed that the infant was allergic to both cefazolin and Cefaloridine. The infant's reaction may have been due to initial sensitization to Cefaloridine followed by cross-reaction with cefazolin, resulting in the presence of Cefaloridine in breast milk. ◉ Effects on breastfeeding and breast milk As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found. View more◈ What is Cefaloridine? |
| 参考文献 | |
| 其他信息 |
Cephalexin is a semi-synthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl group at position 3 and a β-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamide group at positions 7 of its cephalosporin skeleton. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and is used to treat skin, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. It is an antibacterial drug. It belongs to the cephalosporin class, is a semi-synthetic derivative, and is also a β-lactam antibiotic allergen. It is the conjugate acid of cephalexin (1-). Cephalexin is a representative of first-generation cephalosporins. This antibiotic contains a β-lactam and dihydrothiazide structure. Cephalexin treats infections caused by a variety of susceptible bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Cephalexin was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on January 4, 1971. Anhydrous cephalexin is a cephalosporin antibacterial drug. Cephalexin has been reported to be present in Streptomyces. Cephalexin is a β-lactam antibiotic, belonging to the first-generation cephalosporin class, and possesses bactericidal activity. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBP interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, which is crucial for maintaining the strength and rigidity of the bacterial cell wall. This leads to weakening of the bacterial cell wall, ultimately resulting in cell lysis. Compared to second- and third-generation cephalosporins, cephalexin exhibits stronger activity against Gram-positive bacteria and weaker activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Anhydrous cephalexin is the anhydrous form of cephalexin, a semi-synthetic first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBP is an enzyme involved in the final stages of bacterial cell wall assembly and in remodeling the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBP interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, which is crucial for the strength and rigidity of bacterial cell walls. This leads to weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. Cephalexin is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antibacterial activity similar to cefuroxime or cefotaxime, but slightly less potent. It is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
View MoreIndications for Use Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of certain infections caused by susceptible bacteria. These infections include respiratory tract infections, otitis media, skin and soft tissue infections, bone infections, and genitourinary tract infections.Pharmacodynamics Cephalexin (also known as cephalexin) is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most prescribed antibiotics, commonly used to treat superficial infections caused by minor wounds or lacerations. It is effective against most Gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting the cross-linking reaction between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in the cell wall, leading to cell lysis. Mechanism of Action Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cephalosporins contain β-lactam and dihydrothiazide domains. Unlike penicillin, cephalosporins are more resistant to the action of β-lactamases. Cephalexin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell wall rupture and ultimately cell death. Cefothiophene and its homologues inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis in a manner similar to penicillin. Cephalosporin Drugs Penicillin and its metabolites are potent immunogens because they can bind to proteins and act as haptens to trigger an acute antibody-mediated immune response. The most common (approximately 95%) or "major" determinant of penicillin allergy is the penicillin acyl determinant, which arises from the ring-opening of the penicillin β-lactam ring. This allows penicillin to bind to proteins via the amide group. "Minor" determinants (less common) are other metabolites, including native penicillin and penicillinic acid. Penicillins have bactericidal activity; their mechanism of action depends on reaching and binding to penicillin-binding proteins located on the bacterial cell membrane. Cephalosporins may inhibit bacterial septum and cell wall synthesis by acylating membrane-bound transpeptidases. This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, which is crucial for the strength and rigidity of the bacterial cell wall. Furthermore, cell division and growth are also inhibited, and susceptible bacteria frequently lyse and elongate. Rapidly dividing bacteria are most sensitive to the effects of cephalosporins. |
| 分子式 |
C16H17N3O4S.C6H14N2O2
|
|---|---|
| 分子量 |
493.57644
|
| 精确质量 |
493.199
|
| CAS号 |
53950-14-4
|
| 相关CAS号 |
Cephalexin;15686-71-2;Cephalexin hydrochloride;59695-59-9;Cephalexin monohydrate;23325-78-2;Cephalexin hydrochloride monohydrate;105879-42-3
|
| PubChem CID |
92135907
|
| 外观&性状 |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| tPSA |
227
|
| 氢键供体(HBD)数目 |
6
|
| 氢键受体(HBA)数目 |
10
|
| 可旋转键数目(RBC) |
9
|
| 重原子数目 |
34
|
| 分子复杂度/Complexity |
706
|
| 定义原子立体中心数目 |
4
|
| SMILES |
CC1=C(N2[C@@H]([C@@H](C2=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](C3=CC=CC=C3)N)SC1)C(=O)O.C(CCN)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
|
| InChi Key |
CSXICSKZWGBACI-SSDGIDNNSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H17N3O4S.C6H14N2O2/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9;7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23);5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)/t10-,11-,15-;5-/m10/s1
|
| 化学名 |
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid;(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid
|
| 别名 |
53950-14-4; Cephalexin lysinate; (6R,7R)-7-[(2-amino-2-phenylacetyl)amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid;(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid; L-lysine compound with (6R,7R)-7-(2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (1:1); L-lysine mono[[6R-[6alpha,7beta(R*)]]-7-[(aminophenylacetyl)amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate]; DTXSID30968760; CSXICSKZWGBACI-ZMZYGIGZSA-N; DB-230587;
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| 存储方式 |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| 运输条件 |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| 溶解度 (体外实验) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| 溶解度 (体内实验) |
注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。
注射用配方
注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(IP/IV/IM/SC等) *生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。 注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) 注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) 示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。 View More
注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)] 口服配方
口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠) 口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素) 示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。 View More
口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400) 请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案： 1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液)); 2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方): 10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline); 假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL； 3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例; 4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶; 5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！ 6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们; 7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。 |
| 制备储备液 | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.0260 mL | 10.1301 mL | 20.2601 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4052 mL | 2.0260 mL | 4.0520 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2026 mL | 1.0130 mL | 2.0260 mL |
1、根据实验需要选择合适的溶剂配制储备液 (母液)：对于大多数产品，InvivoChem推荐用DMSO配置母液 (比如：5、10、20mM或者10、20、50 mg/mL浓度），个别水溶性高的产品可直接溶于水。产品在DMSO 、水或其他溶剂中的具体溶解度详见上”溶解度 (体外)”部分;
2、如果您找不到您想要的溶解度信息，或者很难将产品溶解在溶液中，请联系我们;
3、建议使用下列计算器进行相关计算（摩尔浓度计算器、稀释计算器、分子量计算器、重组计算器等）;
4、母液配好之后，将其分装到常规用量，并储存在-20°C或-80°C，尽量减少反复冻融循环。
计算结果:
工作液浓度： mg/mL；
DMSO母液配制方法： mg 药物溶于 μL DMSO溶液（母液浓度 mg/mL)。如该浓度超过该批次药物DMSO溶解度，请首先与我们联系。
体内配方配制方法：取 μL DMSO母液，加入 μL PEG300，混匀澄清后加入μL Tween 80，混匀澄清后加入 μL ddH2O，混匀澄清。
(1) 请确保溶液澄清之后，再加入下一种溶剂 (助溶剂) 。可利用涡旋、超声或水浴加热等方法助溶；
(2) 一定要按顺序加入溶剂 (助溶剂) 。
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