Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
THIAZIDES ARE RAPIDLY ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT...MOST...SHOW DEMONSTRABLE DIURETIC EFFECT WITHIN HR AFTER ORAL ADMIN. ...THIAZIDES WITH RELATIVELY LONG DURATIONS...SHOW...BOTH BINDING TO PLASMA PROTEINS & REABSORPTION BY RENAL TUBULES. /THIAZIDES/
...THIAZIDES PROBABLY UNDERGO ACTIVE SECRETION IN PROXIMAL TUBULE. RENAL CLEARANCES OF DRUGS ARE HIGH & MAY BE EITHER ABOVE OR BELOW RATE OF FILTRATION. MOST COMPD ARE RAPIDLY EXCRETED WITHIN 3 TO 6 HR. /THIAZIDES/

Interactions
...DIURETICS MAY INCR CONCN OF CLOTTING FACTORS BY LOSS OF PLASMA VOL & INCR CLOTTING FACTOR SYNTH BY REDUCING HEPATIC CONGESTION, THEREBY ANTAGONIZING EFFECT OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS. /DIURETICS, THIAZIDE/
CONCURRENT ADMIN OF THIAZIDE DIURETICS & MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS MAY INCR HYPOTENSION. /THIAZIDE DIURETICS/
...HYPOKALEMIA MAY INTENSIFY ACTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS. ... POTASSIUM-DEPLETING DIURETICS ARE KNOWN TO CAUSE HYPOKALEMIA & MAY ENHANCE THIS EFFECT. /DIURETICS/
THIAZIDES ENHANCE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTION OF GUANETHIDINE, ALLOWING DOSE OF GUANETHIDINE TO BE REDUCED & DECR INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE REACTIONS... /THIAZIDES/
For more Interactions (Complete) data for CYCLOTHIAZIDE (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21; 103(8): 2943–2947.

Therapeutic Uses
Antihypertensive Agents; Diuretics, Thiazide
LESS COMMON USAGES INCL TREATMENT OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS & MGMNT OF HYPERCALCIURIA IN PT WITH RECURRENT URINARY CALCULI COMPOSED OF CALCIUM. /THIAZIDES/
THIAZIDE DIURETICS ARE EFFECTIVE AS ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN EDEMA ASSOC WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS, & CORTICOSTEROID & ESTROGEN THERAPY, AS WELL AS EDEMA DUE TO VARIOUS FORMS OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION...& SEVERE EDEMA DUE TO PREGNANCY. /THIAZIDES/
CYCLOTHIAZIDE IS ORALLY EFFECTIVE DIURETIC & ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT. DIURESIS OCCURS WITHIN 2 HR & LASTS 18 TO 24 HR. ...IT MAY BE USED AS ADJUNCT TO OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS, SUCH AS RESERPINE & GANGLIONIC BLOCKING AGENTS.
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CYCLOTHIAZIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
PLASMA POTASSIUM CONCN SHOULD BE DETERMINED PERIODICALLY IN PATIENTS WHO RECEIVE THIAZIDE DIURECTICS FOR EXTENDED PERIODS. /BENZOTHIADIAZIDES/
THIAZIDE DIURETICS ARE CONTRAINDICATED IN ANURIA, PATIENTS HYPERSENSITIVE TO THESE & OTHER SULFONAMIDE DRUGS, & IN OTHERWISE HEALTHY PREGNANT WOMEN WITH OR WITHOUT MILD EDEMA. ...SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASE, SINCE THEY MAY PPT AZOTEMIA. /THIAZIDES/
PERIODIC SERUM ELECTROLYTE DETERMINATION SHOULD BE DONE ON ALL PATIENTS IN ORDER TO DETECT ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE SUCH AS HYPONATREMIA, HYPOCHLOREMIC ALKALOSIS, & HYPOKALEMIA. /THIAZIDES/
DOMINANT ACTION OF THIAZIDES IS TO INCR RENAL EXCRETION OF SODIUM & CHLORIDE & ACCOMPANYING VOL OF WATER. ... THIAZIDES INHIBIT REABSORPTION OF SODIUM & ITS ATTENDANT ANION, CHLORIDE, IN DISTAL SEGMENT. /THIAZIDES/
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for CYCLOTHIAZIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Like other thiazides, cyclothiazide promotes water loss from the body (diuretics). It inhibits Na⁺/Cl^- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessarily due to their diuretic activity. Thiazides have been shown to prevent hypertension-related morbidity and mortality although the mechanism is not fully understood. Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conductance) in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue. Cyclothiazide affects the distal renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption. At maximal therapeutic dosages, all thiazides are approximately equal in their diuretic efficacy. Cyclothiazide increases excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Natriuresis may be accompanied by some loss of potassium and bicarbonate.

C14H16N3O4S2CL

389.87754

389.027

2259-96-3

191744-13-5 (CX614); 22503-72-6 (IDRA-21); 742-20-1 (Cyclopenthiazide)

2910

White to off-white solid powder

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

627.3±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg

234ºC

333.2±34.3 °C

0.0±1.8 mmHg at 25°C

1.654

1.15

135.12

3

7

2

24

758

0

BOCUKUHCLICSIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C14H16ClN3O4S2/c15-10-5-11-13(6-12(10)23(16,19)20)24(21,22)18-14(17-11)9-4-7-1-2-8(9)3-7/h1-2,5-9,14,17-18H,3-4H2,(H2,16,19,20)

3-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide

CTZ, Cyclothiazide; Fluidil; Anhydron; Anhydron; Renazide; Valmiran; Doburil; Acquirel; Renazide; Tensodiural

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~320.61 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。