Gadoteric acid (DOTA-Gd, gadoterate meglumine; Artirem; Dotarem; Clariscan)   中文名称: 钆特酸

钆特酸在细胞性肝癌（特别是富血管病变）的 DCE-MRI 中提供早期改善的吸收性、更强的漱口水以及更好、更明显的可修复性 [1]。

使用肝细胞特异性造影剂（HSCA）作为研究局灶性肝损伤的护理标准，对肝脏进行动态对比增强MRI（DCE-MRI）的常规使用并不被广泛接受，反对者提出了细胞外造影剂（ECA）近100%特异性丧失的风险，以及需要进行前瞻性的头对头比较研究来评估两种造影剂的诊断性能。这项前瞻性个体内研究的目的是在肝硬化和HCC患者中使用HSCA和ECA对DCE-MRI进行定量和定性的头对头比较。23名肝硬化和已证实的HCC患者接受了两次3次T-MR检查，一次是ECA（钆酸）检查，另一次是HSCA（钆草酸）检查。评估了LI-RADS v2018的信噪比（SNR）、对比度（CNR）、冲洗、冲洗、图像质量、伪影、病变显著性和主要成像特征。与HSCA相比，ECA的洗入和洗出明显更强（分别P＜0.001和0.006）。在动脉晚期（LAP），ECA的CNR显著降低（P=0.005），而SNR没有显著差异（P=0.39）。在定性分析中，与HSCA相比，ECA在门静脉期（PVP）和延迟期（DP）产生了更好的整体图像质量（P=0.041和0.008），在LAP和PVP中显示出更少的伪影（P=0.003和0.034），在LAP和PVP中显示出更高的病变显著性（P=0.004和0.037）。LAP期间的总体图像质量（P=1）、DP期间的伪影和病变显著性（P=0.078和0.073）或三个主要LI-RADS v2018成像特征的频率没有显著差异。总之，ECA为HCC提供了更好的对比，尤其是DCE-MR中的高血管HCC病变，因为它具有更好的早期增强感知能力和更强的清除能力。[1]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Within the studied dose range (0.1 to 0.3 mmol/kg), the kinetics of total gadolinium appear to be linear. Following the administration of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadoterate meglumine in healthy volunteers, the Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were measured to be 799.03 (192.63) µmol/L, 5.00 (0.10-10.00) min, 953.51 (76.22) µmol*h/L, and 970.72 (73.34) µmol*h/L for female and 836.85 (451.02) µmol/L, 5.00 (0.11-10.00) min, 1038.74 (240.46) µmol*h/L, and 1061.16 (239.24) µmol*h/L for male subjects respectively.
Following a 0.1 mmol/kg dose of gadoterate, total gadolinium is excreted primarily in the urine with 72.9 ± 17.0% and 85.4 ± 9.7% (mean ± SD) eliminated within 48 hours, in female and male subjects, respectively. Similar values were achieved after a cumulative dose of 0.3 mmol/kg (0.1 + 0.2 mmol/kg, 20 minutes later), with 85.5 ± 13.2% and 92.0 ± 12.0% recovered in urine within 48 hrs in female and male subjects respectively.
The volume of distribution at steady state of total gadolinium in healthy subjects is 179 ± 26 and 211 ± 35 mL/kg in female and male subjects respectively, roughly equivalent to that of extracellular water. The extent of blood cell partitioning of gadoterate is not known.
In healthy subjects, the renal and total clearance rates of total gadolinium are comparable (1.27 ± 0.32 and 1.74 ± 0.12 mL/min/kg in females; and 1.40 ± 0.31 and 1.64 ± 0.35 mL/min/kg in males, respectively) indicating that the drug is primarily cleared through the kidneys.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Gadoterate is not known to be metabolized.

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Biological Half-Life
Following an intravenously administered 0.1 mmol/kg, gadoterate demonstrates a mean elimination half-life of about 1.4 ± 0.2 hr and 2.0 ± 0.7 hr in female and male subjects, respectively.L49911]

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Gadoterate is one of the most stable gadolinium agents, theoretically making it one of the safer drugs to use during breastfeeding. Guidelines developed by several professional organizations state that breastfeeding need not be disrupted after a nursing mother receives a gadolinium-containing contrast medium. However, because there is no published experience with gadoterate during breastfeeding, other agents may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Protein Binding
Gadoterate does not undergo protein binding in vitro.

[1]. MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: prospective intraindividual head-to-head comparison of the contrast agents gadoxetic acid and gadoteric acid. Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 3;12(1):18583.

[2]. Tolerability and diagnostic value of gadoteric acid in the general population and in patients with risk factors: results in more than 84,000 patients. Eur J Radiol. 2012 May;81(5):885-90.

Gadoteric acid, commonly used in the salt form gadoterate meglumine, is a macrocyclic, ionic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). It is composed of the organic acid DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) used for its chelating properties, and gadolinium (Gd3+). Gadoterate meglumine has one of the highest thermodynamic stability, apparent stability, and kinetic stability, partly due to its macrocyclic structure, and thus has a more favorable safety profile due to a decreased tendency of gadolinium dechelation. Gadoterate is approved by the FDA under the brand name DOTAREM on 20th March 2013 for intravenous uses with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the brain (intracranial), spine, and associated tissues in adult and pediatric patients (2 years of age and older) to detect and visualize areas with disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or abnormal vascularity.

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Drug Indication
Gadoteric acid is indicated for intravenous use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the brain (intracranial), spine, and associated tissues in adult and pediatric patients (including term neonates) to detect and visualize areas with disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or abnormal vascularity.
FDA Label

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Mechanism of Action
Gadoterate is a paramagnetic molecule that develops a magnetic moment when placed in a magnetic field. The magnetic moment enhances the relaxation rates of water protons in its vicinity, leading to an increase in signal intensity (brightness) of tissues. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of normal and pathological tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with differences in proton density, spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation times (T1), and differences in the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time (T2). When placed in a magnetic field, gadoterate shortens the T1 and T2 relaxation times in target tissues. At recommended doses, the effect is observed with greatest sensitivity in the T1-weighted sequences.

C16H25GDN4O8

558.65

559.091

72573-82-1

158536

White to off-white solid

701.6ºC at 760 mmHg

378.1ºC

160.93

1

12

5

29

510

0

C1CN(CCN(CCN(CCN1CC(=O)O)CC(=O)[O-])CC(=O)[O-])CC(=O)[O-].[Gd+3]

GFSTXYOTEVLASN-UHFFFAOYSA-K

InChI=1S/C16H28N4O8.Gd/c21-13(22)9-17-1-2-18(10-14(23)24)5-6-20(12-16(27)28)8-7-19(4-3-17)11-15(25)26;/h1-12H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H,25,26)(H,27,28);/q;+3/p-3

2-[4,7-bis(carboxylatomethyl)-10-(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetate;gadolinium(3+)

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~179.01 mM; with ultrasonication (<60°C))

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。