The primary mechanism of action of Pexiganan is believed to be the disruption of microbial cytoplasmic membranes, leading to rapid cell death. It does not act on a specific molecular target like conventional antibiotics but rather interacts with the lipid components of the bacterial membrane. [1]

Rexiganan（MIC：约 0-128 μg/mL）对 3,109 种临床分离的厌氧菌和需氧菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌具有广泛的抗菌活性 [2]。 Pexiganan (4 μg/mL) 抑制胃癌和溃疡菌株的生长 [3]。
Pexiganan 在体外对多种与皮肤和软组织感染相关的革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌（包括从糖尿病足溃疡分离的菌株）表现出广谱抗菌活性。它对需氧菌和厌氧菌均有效。 [1]
实验证明其对诸如金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus，包括耐甲氧西林菌株 - MRSA）、表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）、化脓性链球菌（Streptococcus pyogenes）、粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis，包括万古霉素耐药菌株 - VRE）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）、奇异变形杆菌（Proteus mirabilis）、脆弱拟杆菌（Bacteroides fragilis）和消化链球菌（Peptostreptococcus）等微生物有效。 [1]
对大多数敏感微生物的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 通常在 16 至 32 µg/mL 范围内。 [1]
其杀菌活性迅速。 [1]

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Pexiganan 对革兰氏阳性/阴性病原体具有广谱抗菌活性。临床分离株的MIC值：大肠杆菌（4–16 µg/mL）、铜绿假单胞菌（8–32 µg/mL）、金黄色葡萄球菌（4–16 µg/mL）、肠球菌属（8–32 µg/mL）、幽门螺杆菌（2–8 µg/mL；MIC₉₀ = 8 µg/mL）。对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和幽门螺杆菌具有杀菌效应（4×MIC下1–4小时内≥3 log₁₀ CFU减少）。酸性环境（pH 5.5）或高浓度二价阳离子（如10 mM Mg²⁺）会降低活性，但50%人血清影响轻微（MIC增加≤2倍）。 [2][3]
Pexiganan（128 µg/mL）处理人胃上皮细胞（GES-1）24小时后细胞毒性低（MTT法检测存活率>80%）。 [3]

Pexiganan（1、3、10 或 30 mg/kg，口服，连续三天每天）在幽门螺杆菌感染的小鼠中证明了幽门螺杆菌清除效率 [3]。 Pexiganan（1 mg/kg，腹腔注射）在革兰氏阴性败血性休克大鼠模型中显示出抗菌活性[4]。

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局部外用 1% Pexiganan 乳膏在治疗轻度糖尿病足感染的 II 期临床试验中显示出疗效，其临床成功率 (85-90%) 与口服氧氟沙星 (85%) 相当。 [1]
对涉及革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌病原体（包括铜绿假单胞菌）的感染均观察到疗效。 [1]

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小鼠幽门螺杆菌感染模型中，口服pexiganan（20 mg/kg，每日两次，持续7天）使胃部细菌载量降低2 log₁₀ CFU/g；纳米颗粒制剂（PNPs）效果更强（降低3.5 log₁₀）。 [3]
大鼠内毒素休克模型（LPS + D-半乳糖胺）中，静脉注射pexiganan（1 mg/kg）使生存率提高至67%（对照组0%），血浆TNF-α降低75%。与头孢曲松（10 mg/kg）联用生存率达100%。 [4]

抗菌活性： 采用CLSI推荐的微量肉汤稀释法测定MIC。细菌在阳离子调节MH肉汤（革兰氏阳性/阴性菌）或Brucella肉汤+5% FBS（幽门螺杆菌）中与pexiganan系列稀释液（0.25–128 µg/mL）孵育，35°C培养16–24小时（幽门螺杆菌48小时）。MIC定义为完全抑制可见生长的最低浓度。
时间-杀灭动力学： 细菌（~10⁶ CFU/mL）暴露于pexiganan（1–4×MIC），定时取样（0–24小时），梯度稀释后平板计数。
细胞毒性（GES-1细胞）： 细胞接种于96孔板，与pexiganan（4–128 µg/mL）孵育24小时，加入MTT试剂。溶解甲臜晶体后测定570 nm吸光度，以未处理组为基准计算存活率。 [2][3]

Animal/Disease Models: Helicobacter pylori infected mice [3].
Doses: 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg
Route of Administration: Orally, one time/day for three days.
Experimental Results: Helicobacter pylori urease activity was diminished in mouse stomach.

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Animal/Disease Models: Gram-negative septic shock rat model (induced by E. coli ATCC 25922) [4].
Doses: 1 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection
Experimental Results: demonstrated antibacterial activity with a survival rate of 67.7%.

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H. pylori infection model: Female C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks) were inoculated orally with H. pylori SS1 (3 doses over 5 days). After 4 weeks, infected mice received oral pexiganan (20 mg/kg in saline) twice daily for 7 days. Controls received saline. Mice were euthanized 3 days post-treatment; stomachs homogenized for CFU counting.
Endotoxic shock model: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) received intraperitoneal LPS (200 µg/kg) + D-galactosamine (700 mg/kg). One hour later, intravenous pexiganan (1 mg/kg in saline) was administered alone or with ceftriaxone (10 mg/kg). Survival was monitored for 24 hours; blood was collected at 1.5 hours for TNF-α ELISA. [3][4]

Systemic absorption of 1% Pexiganan cream via topical application was extremely low. In the Phase II clinical trial, plasma concentrations in most patients remained below the lower limit of quantification (<10 ng/mL). [1]
Such low systemic exposure suggests that the risk of systemic toxicity or drug interactions via this route of administration is negligible. [1]
Due to the lack of measurable systemic concentrations, detailed pharmacokinetic parameters (absorption extent, distribution, metabolism, excretion, half-life, bioavailability) were not reported in this study. [1]

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The incidence of mild site reactions (burning sensation, erythema) from topical application of 1% cream was similar to that in the excipient control group. No systemic toxicity, nephrotoxicity, or ototoxicity was observed clinically. In vitro studies showed that at antibacterial concentrations, cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts was extremely low. [1][3]
Pexiganan (128 µg/mL) did not show hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes after 1 hour. [2]

In a phase II clinical trial, topical application of 1% Pexiganan cream was well tolerated. [1] The most common adverse reactions were mild, transient site reactions (e.g., burning, pain, erythema, rash), occurring at a frequency similar to that in the excipient cream control group. [1] No systemic toxicity associated with the drug was observed. [1] No evidence of ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity was found. [1] Plasma protein binding and detailed toxicokinetic studies were not reported due to negligible systemic absorption. [1] In vitro studies showed that the drug had very low cytotoxicity to human fibroblasts at concentrations effective against bacteria. [1] Preclinical studies indicated that the drug lacked mutagenicity. [1]

[1]. Pexiganan acetate. Drugs. 1998 Dec;56(6):1047-52; discussion 1053-4.

[2]. In vitro antibacterial properties of pexiganan, an analog of magainin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Apr;43(4):782-8.

[3]. The synthetic antimicrobial peptide pexiganan and its nanoparticles (PNPs) exhibit the anti-helicobacter pylori activity in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2015 Mar 2;20(3):3972-85.

[4]. Effects of pexiganan alone and combined with betalactams in experimental endotoxic shock. Peptides. 2005 Feb;26(2):207-16.

Pixiganan acetate (MSI-78) is a synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptide analog based on magganin peptide found in the skin of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). [1] It was initially developed as a topical antimicrobial agent specifically for the treatment of infectious diabetic foot ulcers. [1] Its mechanism of action is thought to be the physical disruption of bacterial cell membranes, thus reducing the likelihood of resistance compared to conventional antibiotics that target specific biochemical pathways. [1] Phase II clinical trials have shown that it is as effective as oral ofloxacin in curing or improving mild diabetic foot infections. [1] Its good safety profile and negligible systemic absorption make it a promising topical treatment that can avoid the systemic use of antibiotics and their associated resistance or side effects. [1] Pexiganan is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT01594762 (a comparison of pexiganan versus placebo in the treatment of mild diabetic foot ulcer infections).

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Pexiganan is a synthetic 22-amino acid residue magazine analog used for the topical treatment of infectious diabetic foot ulcers. Its cell membrane disruption mechanism may reduce the development of resistance. Phase II clinical trials have shown that Pexiganan is effective against mild infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa-positive wounds. [1][2]
Nanoparticle encapsulation (PNP) improves the stability of Pexiganan and its in vivo efficacy against Helicobacter pylori. [3]
In an endotoxin shock model, Pexiganan inhibited TNF-α expression and synergized with β-lactam antibiotics, suggesting its immunomodulatory effects. [4]

C122H210N32O22

2477.174

2476.61

C, 59.15; H, 8.55; N, 18.09; O, 14.21

147664-63-9

172820-23-4 (acetate); 147664-63-9

16132253

H-Gly-Ile-Gly-Lys-Phe-Leu-Lys-Lys-Ala-Lys-Lys-Phe-Gly-Lys-Ala-Phe-Val-Lys-Ile-Leu-Lys-Lys-NH2; glycyl-L-isoleucyl-glycyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-lysinamide

GIGKFLKKAKKFGKAFVKILKK-NH2; GIGKFLKKAKKFGKAFVKILKK

White to off-white solid powder

1.18g/cm3

2261.8ºC at 760mmHg

1321.7ºC

1.552

12.454

908.6

32

32

94

176

4940

21

CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N)NC(=O)CN

KGZGFSNZWHMDGZ-KAYYGGFYSA-N

InChI=1S/C122H210N32O22/c1-13-77(9)102(152-98(155)71-132)120(174)135-73-100(157)139-86(50-26-35-59-125)110(164)150-96(69-82-44-20-16-21-45-82)118(172)148-93(66-74(3)4)116(170)145-90(54-30-39-63-129)113(167)142-87(51-27-36-60-126)109(163)137-79(11)105(159)141-88(52-28-37-61-127)112(166)143-91(55-31-40-64-130)114(168)149-95(68-81-42-18-15-19-43-81)107(161)134-72-99(156)138-85(49-25-34-58-124)108(162)136-80(12)106(160)147-97(70-83-46-22-17-23-47-83)119(173)153-101(76(7)8)121(175)146-92(56-32-41-65-131)115(169)154-103(78(10)14-2)122(176)151-94(67-75(5)6)117(171)144-89(53-29-38-62-128)111(165)140-84(104(133)158)48-24-33-57-123/h15-23,42-47,74-80,84-97,101-103H,13-14,24-41,48-73,123-132H2,1-12H3,(H2,133,158)(H,134,161)(H,135,174)(H,136,162)(H,137,163)(H,138,156)(H,139,157)(H,140,165)(H,141,159)(H,142,167)(H,143,166)(H,144,171)(H,145,170)(H,146,175)(H,147,160)(H,148,172)(H,149,168)(H,150,164)(H,151,176)(H,152,155)(H,153,173)(H,154,169)/t77-,78-,79-,80-,84-,85-,86-,87-,88-,89-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,101-,102-,103-/m0/s1

(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanamide

Pexiganan; 147664-63-9; TVF29Q70Q1; pexigananum; L-Lysinamide, glycyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucy l-L-lysyl-; Pexiganan [INN]; L-Lysinamide,glycyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-lysyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-; PEXIGANAN [MI];

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~40.37 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。