5-HT2A Receptor 4 nM (Ki) 5-HT6 Receptor Human 5-HT7 Receptor mAChR1 9.5 nM (Ki) mAChR4 11 nM (EC50) α2-adrenergic receptor 51 nM (Ki) D2 Receptor 75 nM (Ki)

氯氮平是一种非典型抗精神病药物，对几种血清素受体具有高亲和力。这种药物会导致5-羟色胺（2A）（5-HT）（2A）受体的反常下调，但其对其他血清素受体的调节尚未得到研究。我们研究了氯氮平和其他几种药物对转染HeLa细胞中单独表达的大鼠5-HT（6）和5-HT（7）受体的调节作用。5-HT（6）和5-HT（7）受体密度（B（max））均被激动剂5-甲酰胺色氨酸和反向激动剂甲氧苄啶降低。氯氮平降低5-HT（6）B（最大值）。这表明5-HT（6）受体也矛盾地被拮抗剂氯氮平下调。另一方面，氯氮平可增加5-羟色胺（7）受体B（max）。氯氮平对5-HT（6）和5-HT（7）受体水平的调节可能对这种非典型抗精神病药物的作用很重要[2]。

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在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中表达的人毒蕈碱M1-M5受体的功能测定中研究了氯氮平。氯氮平是毒蕈碱M4受体的完全激动剂（EC50=11nM），可抑制毛喉素刺激的cAMP积累。相比之下，氯氮平能有效拮抗激动剂诱导的其他四种毒蕈碱受体亚型的反应。选择性刺激M4受体可能部分解释氯氮平临床上观察到的高唾液分泌。此外，氯氮平独特的总体毒蕈碱特征可能有助于其非典型抗精神病疗效[4]。

盐酸氯氮平（25 mg/kg/天；腹膜内注射；21天）在麦角酸二乙酰胺诱发的精神病小鼠模型中表现出抗精神病作用[3]。

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目的：本研究评估氯氮平慢性治疗对致幻血清素5-HT（2A）受体激动剂麦角酸二乙胺（LSD）作为精神病小鼠模型诱导的细胞和行为反应的影响。 方法：用25mg/kg/天的氯氮平对小鼠进行慢性治疗（21天）。实验在最后一次氯氮平给药后1、7、14和21天进行。[（3）H]测定小鼠体感皮层中氯胺酮结合和5-HT（2A）mRNA的表达。对所有5-HT（2A）激动剂诱导的头部抽搐行为、c-fos的表达以及LSD样特异性egr-1和egr-2的表达进行了检测。 结果：慢性氯氮平后1、7和14天，头部抽搐反应降低，[（3）H]酮丝氨酸结合下调。慢性氯氮平后1天，5-HT（2A）mRNA减少。慢性氯氮平治疗7天后，c-fos的诱导被挽救，但egr-1和egr-2没有。用氯氮平或慢性氟哌啶醇（1mg/kg/天）短期治疗（2天）后未观察到这些影响。 结论：我们的研究结果提供了一种慢性非典型抗精神病药物作用的小鼠模型，并表明5-HT（2A）受体的下调是这些持续治疗样作用的潜在机制[3]。

使用Prism 2.0通过非参数曲线拟合分析放射性配体结合。在5-HT6和5-HT7病例中，数据均与单部位模型吻合良好。计算每个试验中每种药物治疗条件的KD和Bmax值。所有药物治疗均未改变明显的KD；因此，Bmax值是使用2.4或6.3 nM的约束KD值确定的，这是分别与[3H]-5-HT（在表达5-HT7的细胞中）或[3H]-LSD（在表示5-HT6的细胞中。使用两到八种单独的结合试验来计算每种处理条件的Bmax值。Bmax值变化的统计分析是使用每种药物与赋形剂测定的Student双尾t检验完成的。为了数据呈现的清晰性，所有Bmax值均表示为对照±SEM的百分比[2]。

为了测试氯氮平从膜匀浆中洗出的效率，将氯氮平（1μM）或载体加入由2×TME中未经处理的细胞制备的膜中，并在室温下平衡1小时。然后将膜分成等份，在37°C下孵育15、30或60分钟，然后在20℃下造粒 000将膜重新悬浮在新鲜的2×TME中，如上所述在单一浓度下测量特异性结合（5-HT6为5 nM[3H]-LSD，5-HT7为1.67 nM[3H]-5-HT）[2]。

Animal/Disease Models: Male 129 S6/Sv mice, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced psychosis model[3]
Doses: 25 mg/kg/day
Route of Administration: Intraperitoneal injection, 21 days
Experimental Results: Decreased head-twitch response, reduced 5-HT2A mRNA, rescued induction of c-fos, but not egr-1 and egr-2.

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Materials and drug administration [3]
Clozapine, methysergide, haloperidol, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were used. The injected doses (i.p.), calculated as salts, were clozapine, 1.5, 10.0, or 25.0 mg/kg; haloperidol, 1.0 mg/kg; and LSD, 0.24 mg/kg. These doses were selected based on previous findings with clozapine, haloperidol, and LSD in rodent models (Kuoppamaki et al. 1993; Kontkanen et al. 2002a, b; Gonzalez-Maeso et al. 2008; Gray et al. 2009). These doses represent approximately 12.5, 3.3, and 0.03 % of the LD50 of clozapine (200 mg/kg), haloperidol (30 mg/kg), and LSD (800 mg/kg) after i.p. administration in mice, respectively. Clozapine was injected after suspension in a minimal amount of DMSO supplemented with acetic acid and made up to volume with normal saline. Haloperidol was dissolved in saline. LSD was dissolved in a minimal amount of DMSO and made up to volume with normal saline. Control animals received vehicle injections. Drugs were administered in an injection volume of 100 μl/10 g mouse body weight. All other chemicals were obtained from standard sources.
For effect of chronic treatment with clozapine on head-twitch behavior, chronic (21 days) treatment with clozapine started 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks before the mice were injected with a single dose of LSD (i.e., 1, 7, 14, or 21 days after the last injection of chronic clozapine). Control mice were chronically (21 days) treated with vehicle and injected on the day of the experiment with a single dose of LSD (i.e., 1 day after the last injection of chronic vehicle). Injection of LSD was performed on the same day in all the groups of mice (i.e., acute LSD 1, 7, 14, or 21 after the last injection of chronic clozapine, and of acute LSD 1 day after the last injection of chronic vehicle).
For the effect of chronic treatment with clozapine on the expression of 5-HT2A receptor (i.e., radioligand binding and mRNA), chronic (21 days) treatment with clozapine started 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks before the mice were sacrificed (i.e., 1, 7, 14, or 21 days after the last injection of chronic clozapine). Control mice were chronically (21 days) treated with vehicle and sacrificed 1 day after the last injection of chronic vehicle. Mice were sacrificed on the same day in all the groups of mice (i.e., chronic clozapine 1, 7, 14, or 21 days after the last injection and chronic vehicle 1 day after the last injection).
For the effect of chronic treatment with clozapine on the LSD-dependent induction of c-fos, egr-1, and egr-2 in mouse somatosensory cortex, treatment with clozapine or vehicle started 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks before the mice were injected with a single dose of LSD or vehicle on the day of the experiment (i.e., 1, 7, 14, or 21 days after the last injection of chronic clozapine). Mice were sacrificed 60 min after injection with LSD. Similar conditions were used for chronic treatment with haloperidol. For short-term treatments, mice received one injection of clozapine, or vehicle, per day for 2 days, and experiments were performed 1 day after the last injection.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In humans, clozapine tablets (25 mg and 100 mg) have the same bioavailability as clozapine solution. Following a twice-daily oral administration of 100 mg clozapine, the mean steady-state peak plasma concentration is 319 ng/mL (range: 102 to 771 ng/mL), reached on average 2.5 hours after administration (range: 1 to 6 hours). The mean steady-state minimum concentration is 122 ng/mL (range: 41 to 343 ng/mL) at a dose of 100 mg twice daily. Approximately 50% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine and 30% in the feces. The median volume of distribution of clozapine is 508 L (272–1290 L). The median clearance of clozapine is 30.3 L/h (14.4–45.2 L/h). Clozapine is almost completely metabolized before excretion, with only trace amounts of the original drug detected in urine and feces. Approximately 50% of the administered dose is excreted in urine and 30% in feces. Demethylated, hydroxylated, and N-oxide derivatives are found in urine and feces. Pharmacological studies have shown that the demethylated metabolite has limited activity, while the hydroxylated and N-oxide derivatives are inactive. In humans, the bioavailability of clozapine tablets (25 mg and 100 mg) is comparable to that of clozapine solution. After twice-daily administration of 100 mg, the mean steady-state peak plasma concentration is 319 ng/mL (range: 102 to 771 ng/mL), reached on average 2.5 hours after administration (range: 1 to 6 hours). After twice-daily administration of 100 mg, the mean steady-state minimum concentration is 122 ng/mL (range: 41 to 343 ng/mL). Food does not appear to affect the systemic bioavailability of clozapine. Therefore, clozapine can be taken with food or on an empty stomach. Clozapine binds to serum proteins at a rate of approximately 97%. After a single or multiple oral doses, clozapine is rapidly absorbed, reaching steady-state plasma concentrations within 8 to 10 days of starting treatment. Clozapine is almost completely metabolized before excretion, with only trace amounts detected in urine and feces. Clozapine is a substrate for many cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, particularly CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. Unmethylated, hydroxylated, and N-oxide derivatives are found in urine and feces. Pharmacological studies have shown that the demethylated metabolite (norclozapine) has limited activity, while the hydroxylated and N-oxide derivatives are inactive. Patients with mania and schizophrenia taking 300-500 mg of the antipsychotic clozapine daily have had their clozapine metabolites isolated from urine and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clozapine is converted into two metabolites by substituting chlorine atoms with hydroxyl or methyl sulfide groups. Other metabolites are N-demethylated derivatives of the first two metabolites. Studies have also identified a metabolite with an oxidized piperazine ring and suggest the possible existence of a sulfur-oxidized metabolite. Clozapine is metabolized into N-oxyclozapine and N-demethylclozapine, which have lower pharmacological activity than the parent compound and are primarily excreted in the urine, with a small amount excreted in the feces. Known metabolites of clozapine include clozapine N-glucuronide, clozapine N-oxide, and N-demethylclozapine. Biological Half-Life After a single dose of 75 mg clozapine, the mean elimination half-life is 8 hours (range: 4 to 12 hours); while after reaching steady state, the mean elimination half-life of 100 mg twice daily is 12 hours (range: 4 to 66 hours). A comparison of single-dose and multiple-dose administration of clozapine showed that the elimination half-life was significantly prolonged after multiple-dose administration compared to single-dose administration, suggesting a possible concentration-dependent pharmacokinetic pattern. After a single dose of 75 mg clozapine, the mean elimination half-life was 8 hours (range: 4 to 12 hours); while after reaching steady state with twice-daily administration of 100 mg, the mean elimination half-life was 12 hours (range: 4 to 66 hours).

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Clozapine has demonstrated efficacy in both uncontrolled and controlled studies of patients with schizophrenia and is a broad-spectrum antipsychotic with a relatively rapid onset of action. Clozapine has been used in a small number of patients with advanced idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome to treat dopaminergic psychosis associated with antiparkinsonian therapy; however, adverse reactions such as sedation, confusion, and exacerbation of Parkinson's symptoms may limit the benefit of clozapine treatment in these patients. Clozapine is used to reduce the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who are assessed as having a chronic risk of suicide based on their medical history and recent clinical status. Although the safety and efficacy of clozapine in children and adolescents under the age of 16 have not been established, it has been successfully used to treat a small number of treatment-resistant childhood and adolescent-onset schizophrenia. Clozapine is used for symptomatic treatment of patients with severe schizophrenia whose condition has not responded well to other antipsychotic medications. Human Exposure and Toxicity: The most common adverse reactions of clozapine involve the central and autonomic nervous systems (e.g., somnolence or sedation, excessive salivation) and the cardiovascular system (e.g., tachycardia, hypotension). While some adverse reactions of clozapine (e.g., extrapyramidal reactions, tardive dyskinesia) appear to occur less frequently and are less severe than with other antipsychotics, other potentially serious adverse reactions (e.g., agranulocytosis, seizures) may be more common with clozapine treatment; therefore, the potential risks and benefits should be carefully assessed when considering this medication. Although some studies suggest that the cases in Finland may be related to local genetic or environmental factors, such factors have not been confirmed. In Finland, 18 cases of serious hematologic disorders associated with clozapine were reported within two months (9 of which resulted in death). Agranulocytosis caused 8 deaths, and leukemia may have caused the 9th death. The incidence of agranulocytosis is 0.3‰ in 22 countries outside Finland where clozapine is marketed, while the incidence in Finland is almost 20 times higher, compared to 0.1‰ to 0.8‰ for other tricyclic antipsychotics. Patients treated with flexible-dose clozapine (mean dose: 274.2 mg daily) for approximately 2 years had a 26% lower risk of suicide attempts or hospitalizations for suicide prevention compared to patients treated with flexible-dose olanzapine (mean dose: 16.6 mg daily); treatment resistance was independent of response to clozapine or olanzapine. Animal studies: Repeated oral administration in rats (6 months) and dogs (3 months) reduced weight gain at doses of 20 mg/kg or higher in rats and 10 mg/kg or higher in dogs. Hepatomegaly was not strictly dose-related and was not accompanied by changes in histological or hematological chemistry, and was completely reversible upon discontinuation of the drug. No toxic effects were observed in rats or dogs. Oral administration of clozapine at 20 or 40 mg/kg daily was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits and had no effect on fertility in male and female rats. However, a dose of 40 mg/kg of clozapine inhibited the growth of lactating pups in the test mothers. The fertility of the F1 generation female mice was normal, and no developmental abnormalities were observed in the F2 generation. Clozapine hydrochloride inhibited conditioned avoidance behavior in rats, suppressed benzoquinone-induced writhing syndrome in mice, and lowered body temperature. Clozapine hydrochloride antagonized oxatromoline-induced tremors and lacrimation in mice and reduced the acute toxicity of physostigmine and the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ester in the brain.

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Non-human toxicity values
Rat intravenous LD50: 41.6 mg/kg
Rat subcutaneous LD50: 240 mg/kg
Rat intramuscular LD50: 210 mg/kg
Rat oral LD50: 251 mg/kg

[1]. Seeman P, et al. Clozapine, a fast-off-D2 antipsychotic. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014 Jan 15;5(1):24-9.

[2]. Clozapine downregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) and upregulates 5-HT7 receptors in HeLa cells. Neurosci Lett. 2000 Jul 21;288(3):236-40.

[3]. Persistent effects of chronic clozapine on the cellular and behavioral responses to LSD in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Jan;225(1):217-26.

[4]. Clozapine is a potent and selective muscarinic M4 receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Nov 15;269(3):R1-2.

Since its first synthesis and testing, clozapine has exhibited a unique property: it has antipsychotic effects without the Parkinsonian motor side effects. The antipsychotic mechanism of clozapine is the transient occupation of dopamine D2 receptors in the human striatum, unlike haloperidol and chlorpromazine, which occupy D2 receptors for a longer period of time. The chemical structure of clozapine allows it to dissociate from D2 receptors relatively quickly. After the transient occupation of D2 receptors, a surge in neural activity increases synaptic dopamine levels, thereby displacing clozapine. Although clozapine may occupy other types of receptors, they may not be very effective in preventing Parkinson's disease. The transient occupation of D2 receptors by clozapine allows patients to move easily and comfortably. [1] Reason: For patients with schizophrenia, the best treatment with antipsychotic drugs requires medication that lasts for weeks to months. However, a single dose of antipsychotic drugs can reverse schizophrenia-like behavioral changes in rodent psychosis models. This raises questions about the physiological relevance of this antipsychotic-like activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term clozapine treatment on cellular and behavioral responses in a mouse model of psychosis induced by the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonist lysergic acid diacetamide (LSD). Methods: Mice were treated with clozapine at 25 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Experiments were performed on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after the last administration. [³H]ketoserin binding and 5-HT₂A mRNA expression levels in the mouse somatosensory cortex were measured. Head twitching behavior, c-fos expression induced by all 5-HT(2A) agonists, and the expression of LSD-like specific receptors egr-1 and egr-2 were also examined. Results: Head twitching response was reduced and [(3)H]ketoserin binding was downregulated on days 1, 7, and 14 after long-term clozapine administration. 5-HT(2A) mRNA levels were reduced one day after long-term clozapine administration. After 7 days of long-term clozapine administration, the induction of c-fos was restored, but the induction of egr-1 and egr-2 was not restored. The above effects were not observed with short-term (2 days) clozapine administration or long-term haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day). Conclusion: Our results provide a mouse model of chronic atypical antipsychotic drug action and suggest that downregulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors may be a potential mechanism for these persistent treatment-like effects. [3]

C18H20CL2N4

363.28

C, 59.51; H, 5.55; Cl, 19.52; N, 15.42

54241-01-9

54241-01-9 (HCl); 34233-69-7 (N-oxide); 5786-21-0

135524906

Typically exists as solids at room temperature

477.8ºC at 760 mmHg

242.8ºC

2.281

30.87

2

3

1

24

446

0

CN1CCN(CC1)C2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)Cl)NC4=CC=CC=C42.Cl

HF 1854 hydrochloride; Clozapine hydrochloride; 54241-01-9; Clozapine (hydrochloride); CLZ-ChemoNM; 80862U56A3; 3-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-11H-benzo[b][1,4]benzodiazepine;hydrochloride; CHEMBL538973; Clozapine HCl;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
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