Gibberellin biosynthesis[1]

JMJD2A 去甲基酶的活性被调环酸 (1 mM) 抑制[2]。调环酮 (1-2 mM) 诱导小鼠神经球分化为神经元[2]。在大豆幼苗中，叶片喷洒调环酮（100 mg/L）可减轻盐碱胁迫[3]。在盆栽苹果树中，调环酮可增强结构对火疫病感染的抵抗力[4]。

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In a metabolism study in rats, prohexadione calcium was rapidly absorbed with highest tissue/carcass concentrations obtained within 30 minutes; however, absorption became saturated at the highest dose. The test material did not accumulate in the tissues. For low dose animals, renal excretion was the primary route of elimination. At the high dose, fecal excretion became the primary route of elimination. The primary excreta (both urine and feces) metabolite was identified as the free acid.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Male and female Fisher 344 rats were dosed by gavage with 50 or 500 mg/kg of [14C]-BX-112 (radiolabel at the 3 or 5 position on the cyclohexene ring)(lot no. CP-1107, radiochemical purity: 98.9%, specific activity: 97.8 mCi/mg). In Groups B (50 mg/kg) and D (500 mg/kg) (the mass balance studies), urine, feces and cage wash samples were collected up to 7 days from 5 animals/sex/group. In Group C1, 5 animals/sex were pretreated for 14 days with unlabelled BX-112 technical (purity: 93.8%), followed by 50 mg/kg of the radiolabelled material. Urine, feces and cage wash samples were collected up to 7 days after the final dose. Samples collected between 0 and 48 hours after dosing were analyzed to determine specific metabolites. In addition, radiolabelled material was extracted from liver and kidney tissue of one male each treated with either 50 mg/kg (Group B3) and 500 mg/kg (Group D3) and euthanized at 0.5 hours after dosing. The test material was largely excreted in the urine and the feces as the free acid (50 mg/kg: 38.3 to 39.1%, 500 mg/kg: 60.9 to 68.0%, and 50 mg/kg, repeated dose: 44.2 to 53.7% of the adminstered dose). An additional compound isolated in the urine was tentatively identified as an ester glucuronide of BX-112. The total conjugated fraction of the test material constituted 20.4 and 21.7% in the 50 mg/kg group, 7.3 and 3.7% in the 500 mg/kg group and 23.2 and 17.7% of the administered dose in the 50 mg/kg, repeated dosing group for the males and females, respectively. The only other identified metabolite was recovered from the organic phase of the feces extraction. This material was the despropionyl free acid of BX-112. It constituted no more than 2.3% of the administered dose in any of the groups examined. In the liver and the kidney, the predominant material recovered at both of the dosing levels was the free acid of the BX-112 (liver: 81.2 and 93.1% of the recovered radiolabel in the 50 and 500 mg/kg, respectively; kidney: 70.1 and 91.8% of the recovered label in the 50 and 500 mg/kg groups, respectively); in the addendum, two of the previously unknown compounds were noted to be methyl esters of the test material and the despropionyl metabolite and were considered to be artifacts; further information was provided regarding the isolation of radiolabelled compounds in the feces; the isolated compound was largely the free acid of the parent compound as had been originally reported; in addition, use of a C18 HPLC column rather than the C8 one resulted in a different ratio of the parent compound and the conjugate noted in the original analysis; further analysis of this "conjugate" by FAB-MS and Atmospheric Pressure Electrospray HPLC/MS did not result in a definitive identification of the compound.

Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) > 4,210 mg/m3/4h

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral >5000 mg/kg
LD50 Rat dermal >2000 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse oral >5000 mg/kg
LC50 Rat inhalation >4.21 mg/L air/4 hr (whole body)

[1]. Effect of a plant growth regulator prohexadione-calcium on insect pests of apple and pear. J Econ Entomol. 2005 Apr;98(2):423-31.

[2]. Prohexadione, a plant growth regulator, inhibits histone lysine demethylases and modulates epigenetics. Toxicol Rep. 2014 Nov 4;1:1152-1161.

[3]. Prohexadione-calcium alleviates saline-alkali stress in soybean seedlings by improving the photosynthesis and up-regulating antioxidant defense. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Sep 1;220:112369.

[4]. Evidence that prohexadione-calcium induces structural resistance to fire blight infection. Phytopathology. 2009 May;99(5):591-6.

Prohexadione is a 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is cyclohexanecarboxylic acid which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a propanoyl group at position 4. A plant growth regulator, it is used (commonly as the corresponding calcium salt, known as prohexadione-calcium) as an anti-lodging agent in small-grain cereals. It has a role as an agrochemical, a plant growth regulator and a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor. It is a 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid and a beta-triketone. It is a conjugate acid of a prohexadione(2-).

C10H12O5

212.20

212.068

88805-35-0

Prohexadione calcium;127277-53-6

184900

Fine white powder
Pale yellow brown colored fine powder

1.33 g/cm3

454.9ºC at 760 mmHg

>360 °C
Yellow powder with sweet smell. Melting point >360 °C. Hardly soluble in organic solvents. /Technical/

243.1ºC

1.512

0.214

88.51

1

5

3

15

313

0

O=C1C(C(=O)CC)C(=O)CC(C(O)=O)C1

BUCOQPHDYUOJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H12O5/c1-2-6(11)9-7(12)3-5(10(14)15)4-8(9)13/h5,9H,2-4H2,1H3,(H,14,15)

3,5-dioxo-4-propanoylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。