Copper(II) Gluconate   中文名称: 葡萄糖酸铜

Metabolism / Metabolites
Copper is primarily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, but can also be absorbed through inhalation and skin. It crosses the basolateral membrane and is transported to the liver and kidneys, possibly via regulatory copper transporters and by binding to serum albumin. The liver is a key organ for maintaining copper homeostasis. In the liver and other tissues, copper is stored in the form of metallothioneins, amino acids, and copper-dependent enzymes, and is then excreted via bile or integrated into intracellular and extracellular proteins. Copper is transported to peripheral tissues via plasma binding to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin, or low-molecular-weight complexes. Copper may induce the production of metallothioneins and ceruloplasmin. Membrane-bound copper transporter adenosine triphosphatase (Cu-ATPase) transports copper ions in and out of cells. Normal physiological levels of copper in the human body are maintained by regulating the rate and amount of copper absorption, its distribution throughout the body, and its excretion. (L277, L279)

Toxicity Summary
Excess copper is isolated in hepatocyte lysosomes and forms complexes with metallothionein. When lysosomes become saturated, copper accumulates in the cell nucleus, leading to nuclear damage, resulting in copper hepatotoxicity. This damage may be a consequence of oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. Copper inhibits sulfhydryl enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonase, which protect cells from free radical damage. Copper also affects gene expression and is a cofactor for oxidases such as cytochrome C oxidase and lysyl oxidase. Furthermore, copper-induced oxidative stress is thought to activate acid sphingomyelinase, leading to the production of ceramide (a signaling pathway for apoptosis) and causing hemolytic anemia. Copper-induced vomiting is due to vagal nerve stimulation. (L277, T49, A174, L280) Toxicity Data
LD50: 1710 mg/kg (oral, rat) (L332)

[1]. Copper(ii) gluconate (a non-toxic food supplement/dietary aid) as a precursor catalyst for effective photo-induced living radical polymerisation of acrylates. Polym. Chem., 6(19), 3581-3585.

Copper gluconate is an organic molecular entity. It is the copper salt of D-gluconic acid, ranging in color from pale blue to blue-green. It is prepared by reacting gluconic acid solution with copper oxide or basic copper carbonate. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Good Manufacturing Practices or Feed Standards, copper gluconate can be used as a nutrient or dietary supplement, and its use at concentrations not exceeding 0.005% is generally considered safe. Copper gluconate is a copper salt of D-gluconic acid with high oral bioavailability. Besides acting as a cofactor for cytochrome C oxidase and superoxide dismutase, copper can also form a complex with dithilamthroline thiocarbamate (DSF), namely the DSF-copper complex, thereby enhancing DSF-mediated inhibition of the 26S proteasome. Proteasome inhibition may lead to impaired cellular protein degradation, cell cycle arrest, cell proliferation inhibition, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. Copper gluconate is the copper salt of D-gluconic acid. It is used in dietary supplements and to treat conditions such as acne vulgaris, the common cold, high blood pressure, premature birth, leishmaniasis, and postoperative complications of internal organs. Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Copper is an essential element for plants and animals because it is necessary for the proper functioning of more than 30 enzymes. It is naturally found in rocks, soil, water, and air. (L277, L278, L286)
Derivatives of gluconic acid (structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.
See also: Copper (with active moiety); Copper ion (with active moiety)...See more...

C12H22CUO14

453.84

453.03

527-09-3

10692

Light blue to blue solid powder

673.6ºC at 760 mmHg

155-157ºC

375.2ºC

16.5 ° (C=1, H2O)

254.9

10

14

8

27

165

8

C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[Cu+2]

OCUCCJIRFHNWBP-IYEMJOQQSA-L

InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Cu/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1

copper;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： (1). 本产品在运输和储存过程中需避光。  (2). 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中（例如氮气保护），避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: 25 mg/mL (55.09 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。