Dopamine reuptake (Ki = 1 nM)[1]

Vanoxerine (GBR-12909) 作为去甲肾上腺素和 5-HT 摄取抑制剂的效果要差几倍，并且它抑制多巴胺 (DA) 摄取，IC50 在低纳摩尔范围内 [2]。另一种具有 IKr、INa 和 L 型钙通道作用的口服混合离子通道阻滞剂是伐诺司林 (vanoxerine) (GBR-12909) [3]。

Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)（2.5-20 mg/kg；腹腔注射）可极大地增加步行量 [3]。

研究了GBR 12909（1-（2-双（4-氟苯基）-甲氧基）-乙基）-4-（3-苯基-丙基）哌嗪）的神经化学特征。GBR 12909是突触体多巴胺摄取的强效选择性抑制剂（KI=1 nM），对组胺H1受体的亲和力低20倍，对去甲肾上腺素和5-HT摄取载体、多巴胺D-1、D-2、5-HT2、5-HT1A和α1受体以及电压依赖性钠通道的亲和力高100倍以上。GBR 12909（3微M）对毒蕈碱、α2、β1+2、γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）和苯二氮卓受体以及胆碱和GABA摄取载体没有影响。体外摄取实验证实了GBR 12909的选择性多巴胺摄取抑制特征。GBR 12909以竞争方式抑制体外摄取，可卡因和哌醋甲酯也是如此。[3H]GBR 12935结合被GBR 12909以及多巴胺、可卡因和哌醋甲酯竞争性抑制。[3H]GBR 12935结合的非速率分析排除了多巴胺载体复合物上存在变构结合位点。相反，这些数据支持GBR 12909通过与载体蛋白本身上的多巴胺结合位点结合来抑制多巴胺摄取的观点，从而阻断载体过程。总之，GBR 12909是体内和体外多巴胺摄取的高选择性抑制剂。目前，GBR 12909是唯一具有这种神经化学特征的化合物。GBR 12909对这种神经元系统的选择性作用使其成为一种有趣的实验工具和潜在的抗抑郁药[2]。

Animal/Disease Models: Male mice (6 weeks old ddY strain) [3]
Doses: 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection
Experimental Results: The ambulation activity of mice increased in a dose-dependent manner. After administration Maximum increase is reached in 30 minutes.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
At doses of 25, 75 or 125 mg, vanoxerine had a corresponding Cmax of 17.9, 81.1 and 236.5 nmol/L and a corresponding AUC of 81, 365 and 1116 h⋅nmol/L when given orally to healthy male volunteers (n=14). In this same set of subjects, tmax was reached at 0.91, 0.93 and 1.13 h at oral doses of 25, 75 or 125 mg, respectively. The oral bioavailability of this drug depends on food intake. Compared with those fasting, the bioavailability of vanoxerine in volunteers taking a low-fat and a high-fat meal was 76% and 255% higher, respectively.
The majority of vanoxerine is excreted in urine, bile and feces.
Vanoxerine is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and distributing to several organs such as fat tissue, lungs, liver and the gastrointestinal tract. Vanoxerine has a large volume of distribution.
At 25, 75 and 125 mg/day, vanoxerine had a corresponding oral clearance of 660, 478 and 250 L/h.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
_In vitro_ studies suggest that vanoxerine is mostly metabolized by CYP3A4. CYP2C8 and CYP2E1 may also contribute to the metabolism of this drug. CYP3A4 selective-inhibitors may interact with vanoxerine.
Vanoxerine has known human metabolites that include 4-[3-[4-[2-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]piperazino]propyl]phenol and 1-Phenyl-3-[4-[2-(4,4'-difluorobenzhydryloxy)ethyl]piperazino]-1-propanol.

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Biological Half-Life
The mean elimination half-life of vanoxerine was 53.5 h at 75 mg/day and 66 h at 125 mg/day.

Protein Binding
The plasma protein binding of vanoxerine is 99% at 0.1, 0.4 and 1 μM.

[1]. Rothman RB, et al. Dopamine transport inhibitors based on GBR12909 and benztropine as potential medications to treat cocaine addiction. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 1;75(1):2-16.
[2]. Andersen PH. The dopamine inhibitor GBR 12909: selectivity and molecular mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol.
[3]. Hirate K, et al. Characteristics of the ambulation-increasing effect of GBR-12909, a selective dopamine uptakeinhibitor, in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1991 Apr;55(4):501-11.

Vanoxerine is an N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration. It has a role as a dopamine uptake inhibitor. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, an organofluorine compound, a tertiary amino compound and an ether. It is a conjugate base of a vanoxerine(2+).
Vanoxerine is a highly selective dopamine transporter antagonist. It was synthesized in the late 1970s and developed as a potential treatment for depression. Vanoxerine was later evaluated as a potential treatment for cocaine addiction due to its ability to block dopamine reuptake with a slower dissociation rate than cocaine. Although several studies have suggested that the profile of vanoxerine is safer than that of cocaine, other studies have found that vanoxerine has at least moderate potential to be abused by humans. More recently, vanoxerine was tested as a potential anti-arrhythmic and anti-atrial fibrillatory agent due to its ability to block the hKV11.1 (hERG) cardiac potassium channel. Vanoxerine is an investigational drug and has not been approved for therapeutic use.

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Drug Indication
Vanoxerine has not been approved for therapeutic use.

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Mechanism of Action
Vanoxerine is a highly selective dopamine transporter antagonist. Due to its ability to inhibit dopamine reuptake, it has been suggested that vanoxerine may be beneficial in treating cocaine addiction. Cocaine increases the amount of dopamine in the synapse by attaching and blocking the dopamine transporter. Compared to cocaine, vanoxerine has a higher affinity for the dopamine transporter and a slower dissociation rate, without the stimulant profile of cocaine. The use of vanoxerine to treat conditions characterized by low levels of dopamine, such as Parkinson's disease and depression, has also been investigated. Vanoxerine is also a potent blocker of the hKV11.1 (hERG) cardiac potassium channel. Even at low concentrations, vanoxerine is capable of blocking calcium and sodium currents without having a significant effect on QT interval, action potential waveforms and transmural dispersion of repolarization. Because of this, the anti-arrhythmic and anti-atrial fibrillatory properties of vanoxerine have been investigated.

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Pharmacodynamics
Vanoxerine inhibits dopamine reuptake by binding and blocking the dopamine transporter. The use of vanoxerine has been evaluated as a potential substitute of cocaine in the treatment of drug addiction. In primates, the intravenous administration of vanoxerine reduced cocaine self-administration at 1 mg/kg and eliminated it at 3 mg/kg. The stimulant profile of cocaine was not detected in healthy volunteers (n=8) receiving vanoxerine for 2 weeks, suggesting a lack of abuse potential of vanoxerine. However, other studies have found that vanoxerine has at least moderate potential to be abused by humans. The antiarrhythmic potential of vanoxerine has also been assessed. A clinical study evaluating the efficacy of vanoxerine on the conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL) to normal sinus rhythm reported that, within 24 hours, a significant proportion of symptomatic AF/AFL patients treated with 200, 300 and 400 mg of vanoxerine converted to sinus rhythm. In studies that evaluated doses ranging from 25 to 300 mg, vanoxerine was considered to be safe and tolerable.

C28H32F2N2O

334.71454

450.248

C, 74.64; H, 7.16; F, 8.43; N, 6.22; O, 3.55

67469-69-6

Vanoxerine dihydrochloride;67469-78-7

3455

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.135g/cm3

542.7ºC at 760 mmHg

282ºC

1.561

5.197

15.71

0

5

10

33

498

0

FC1=CC=C(C(C2=CC=C(F)C=C2)OCCN3CCN(CCCC4=CC=CC=C4)CC3)C=C1

NAUWTFJOPJWYOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C28H32F2N2O/c29-26-12-8-24(9-13-26)28(25-10-14-27(30)15-11-25)33-22-21-32-19-17-31(18-20-32)16-4-7-23-5-2-1-3-6-23/h1-3,5-6,8-15,28H,4,7,16-22H2

1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine

GBR12,909; GBR-12909; Vanoxerine; 67469-69-6; Gbr 12909; Vanoxerine [INN]; ...; 67469-69-9 (free base); GBR12909; GBR 12909; I-893; I 893; I893.

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。