ROS; DNA topoisomerase; c-Jun; COX-2

硫酸小檗碱（1.25-160 μM；72 小时）可能会减少四种结直肠癌细胞系的生长：LoVo、HCT116、SW480 和 HT-29[1]。使用硫酸小檗碱 (10 - 80 μM) 24 小时生成 LoVo 细胞 (1.25-160 μM；24-72)。使用流式细胞术，在用 40 μM 小檗碱处理的 LoVo 细胞上进行实验。 24 小时后，硫酸小檗碱 (10-80 μM) 会抑制细胞周期蛋白 B1、cdc2 和 cdc25c 蛋白的表达，尤其是在 80.0 μM 水平时[1]。周期分析还揭示了 G2/M 期细胞的积累。

连续十天，用硫酸小檗碱（10、30或50毫克/公斤/天）进行胃肠道灌胃可抑制体内结直肠癌的生长。 （30 和 50 毫克/公斤/天）；胃肠道灌注

蛋白质印迹和OPTDI分析用于检测细胞周期蛋白[1]
收获LoVo细胞，在100°C的裂解缓冲液[50 mmol/L TrisCl（pH 6.8）、100 mmol/L DTT、2%SDS、0.1%溴酚蓝、10%甘油]中裂解10分钟，并在−20°C下储存。蛋白质浓度通过BCA测定法测定。将等量的蛋白质装载到SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上，并将蛋白质电泳转移到PVDF膜上。使用细胞周期蛋白B1、cdc2和cdc25c的特异性一级抗体（1:200稀释）分析免疫印迹，并与辣根过氧化物酶偶联的二级抗体（1:1000稀释）孵育，并使用增强化学发光检测试剂盒观察蛋白质。通过自动图像分析系统对光密度积分（OPTDI）进行分析。将细胞周期蛋白B1、cdc2和cdc25c的表达标准化为内部对照（GAPDH）。结果以处理与对照相比的百分比表示

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DNA和蛋白质合成的测量[1]
通过3H-胸苷和L-[4,5-3H]-亮氨酸（分别为60 Ci/mg分子和0.5μCi/孔）的细胞掺入来评估DNA和蛋白质合成。将分离的细胞（每孔1×105个细胞）与含有一系列浓度的黄连素的培养基一起孵育。在24小时黄连素暴露前4小时，将放射性前体加入培养物中。在培养期结束时，将培养基移到一片滤膜上；用蒸馏水洗涤细胞三次。用液体闪烁光谱法测定3H-胸苷和L-[4,5-3H]-亮氨酸的掺入量。

细胞增殖实验[1]
细胞类型：四种结直肠癌细胞系LoVo、HCT116、SW480和HT-29
测试浓度：1.25、2.5、 5、10、20、40、80 和 160μM
孵育时间： 72 小时
实验结果： 抑制四种细胞的增殖细胞系。 IC50 范围为 40.8±4.1 μM (LoVo) 至 98.6±2.9 μM (HCT116)。

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细胞增殖测定[1]
细胞类型： 结直肠癌细胞系 LoVo
测试浓度： 1.25、2.5、5、10 、20、40、80 和 160 μM
孵育时间：24、48、72 小时
实验结果：诱导时间和剂量 细胞生长依赖性抑制。 72 小时时，160.0 μM 在 LoVo 细胞中诱导 71.1±1.9% 的生长抑制。

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细胞周期分析[1]
细胞类型： LoVo Cell
测试浓度： 0、10、20、40 或 80 μM
孵育持续时间：24 小时
实验结果：暴露于 40.0 μM 会诱导细胞周期停滞在 G2/M 期并增加 G2 /M期群体和G1期群体逐渐减少。

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蛋白质印迹分析[1]
细胞类型： LoVo Cell
测试浓度： 10、20、40 或 80 μM
孵育持续时间：24小时
实验结果：循环抑制

Animal/Disease Models: 5weeks old BALB/c nu/nu (nude) mice human colorectal adenocarcinoma LoVo xenograft [gastric] versus human colorectal adenocarcinoma nude mice The inhibition rates of xenograft growth were 33.1% and 45.3% respectively [1]. 1]
Doses: 10, 30 or 50 mg/kg/day
Route of Administration: gastrointestinal gavage; 10 days
Experimental Results: At the doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg/day, the inhibition rates were 33.1% and 45.3% respectively.

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In vivo anti-tumor effect of berberine in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (LoVo)[1]
The in vivo antitumor efficacy of berberine was examined using human colorectal adenocarcinoma LoVo xenografts in a nude mouse model; 1 × 107 cells were implanted subcutaneous injection (s.c.) in the flanks of 5-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice. After the tumors were grown up to about 1,000–1,500 mm3, the mice were sacrificed and the tumors were divided into equal fragments. Fragments (6–8 mm3) of colorectal adenocarcinoma were implanted s.c. in the flanks of 5-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice. Tumors were allowed to develop for 2 weeks. Once tumors were established, the mice were divided randomly into five groups. The berberine-treated groups (ten mice each group) received 10, 30, or 50 mg kg−1 day−1 berberine by gastrointestinal gavage for 10 consecutive days. The 5-FU-treated group (10 mice) was given 30 mg kg−1 day−1 by intraperitoneal injection for 10 consecutive days. The control group (11 mice) was given sterile water. Measurements of body weights and tumor volumes were recorded every 1–3 days until the experimental endpoint, at which the tumors were debilitating to the mice. The long axis (L) and the short axis (S) were measured, and the tumor volume (V) was calculated using the following equation: V = S × S × L/2. Once the final measurement was taken, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The inhibitory rates were determined by comparing the volume of the control group and the treatment group: (1 − V treatment/Vcontrol).

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Effect of the combination of berberine and 5-FU on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) xenografts in nude mice[1]
The in vivo antitumor efficacy of the combination of berberine and 5-FU was examined using human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 xenografts in a nude mouse model; 1 × 107 cells were implanted subcutaneous injection (s.c.) in the flanks of 5-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice. After the tumors were grown up to about 1,000–1,500 mm3, the mice were sacrificed and the tumors were divided into equal fragments. Fragments (6–8 mm3) of colorectal adenocarcinoma were implanted s.c. in the flanks of 5-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice. Tumors were allowed to develop for 3 weeks. Once tumors were established, the mice were divided randomly into four groups. The berberine-treated group (ten mice) received 50 mg kg−1 day−1 berberine by gastrointestinal gavage for 10 consecutive days. The 5-FU-treated group (10 mice) was given 30 mg kg−1 day−1 by intraperitoneal injection for 10 consecutive days. The combination group (10 mice) was given berberine and 5-FU. The control group (10 mice) was given sterile water. Measurements of body weights and tumor volumes were recorded every 3–4 days until the experimental endpoint, at which the tumors were debilitating to the mice. The long axis (L) and the short axis (S) were measured, and the tumor volume (V) was calculated using the following equation: V = S × S × L/2. Once the final measurement was taken, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The inhibitory rates were determined by comparing the volume of the control group and the treatment group: (1 − V treatment/V control).

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
...MAY BE ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN... /BERBERINE/

Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 RATS ORAL MORE THAN 1 G/KG
LD50 RATS INTRAPERITONEAL 88.5 MG/KG
LD50 RATS INTRAMUSCULAR 14.5 MG/KG

[1]. Berberine inhibits the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Nat Med. 2014 Jan;68(1):53-62.

[2]. Preparation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents of Berberine Organic Acid Salts for Enhancing the Bioavailability. Molecules. 2018 Dec 28;24(1):103.

[3]. Genetic evidence for inhibition of bacterial division protein FtsZ by berberine. PLoS One. 2010 Oct 29;5(10):e13745.

[4]. Rhizoma Coptidis inhibits LPS-induced MCP-1/CCL2 production in murine macrophages via an AP-1 and NFkappaB-dependent pathway. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010:194896.

[5]. Berberine protects 6-hydroxydopamine-induced human dopaminergic neuronal cell death through the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Mol Cells. 2013 Feb;35(2):151-7.

[6]. Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone for Several Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 26;12:653887.

Therapeutic Uses
EXPTL USE (VET): ORALLY ADMIN BERBERINE SULFATE (350-700 MG/KG) WAS EFFECTIVE IN TREATING CANDIDA ALBICANS INFECTIONS OF THE INTESTINE IN MICE.
EXPTL USE: DILATION OF HUMAN EYE PUPILS, TOPICAL ANESTHESIA &/OR FLUORESCENT STAINING OF CORNEAL EPITHELIAL DEFECTS &/OR FLUORESCENCE IN APPLANATION TONOMETRY, IS ACCOMPLISHED BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF OPHTHALMIC SOLN OF HYDRASTIS COMPD SUCH AS BERBERINE.
/PRC: FORMER USES/ BITTER STOMACHIC; ANTIBACTERIAL; ANTIMALARIAL; ANTIPYRETIC /BERBERINE/
MILD LOCAL ANESTHETIC ON MUCOUS MEMBRANE. /BERBERINE/

C20H19NO8S

433.4318

433.083

633-66-9

Berberine chloride;633-65-8;Berberine;2086-83-1; 1868138-66-2 (ursodeoxycholate); 2086-83-1; 2086-83-1 (cation); 633-66-9 (hydrosulfate); 316-41-6 (sulfate); 633-65-8 (chloride); 117-74-8 (hydroxide)

12457

White to yellow solid

Huanglian

3.181

126.61

1

8

2

30

564

0

S(=O)(=O)([O-])O[H].O1C([H])([H])OC2=C1C([H])=C1C(=C2[H])C2C([H])=C3C([H])=C([H])C(=C(C3=C([H])[N+]=2C([H])([H])C1([H])[H])OC([H])([H])[H])OC([H])([H])[H]

JISRTQBQFQMSLG-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChI=1S/C20H18NO4.H2O4S/c1-22-17-4-3-12-7-16-14-9-19-18(24-11-25-19)8-13(14)5-6-21(16)10-15(12)20(17)23-2;1-5(2,3)4/h3-4,7-10H,5-6,11H2,1-2H3;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+1;/p-1

16,17-dimethoxy-5,7-dioxa-13-azoniapentacyclo[11.8.0.02,10.04,8.015,20]henicosa-1(13),2,4(8),9,14,16,18,20-octaene;hydrogen sulfate

BERBERINE SULFATE; Natural Yellow 18 sulfate); Berberine bisulfate; Berberine hydrogen sulphate; Berberine hemisulfate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

注意： 请将本产品存放在密封且受保护的环境中，避免吸湿/受潮。

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~115.36 mM)
DMSO : ~0.5 mg/mL (~1.15 mM)

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。