β-adrenoceptor

Bufuralol (Ro 3-4787) 具有 CYP2D6 底物的芳香环和碱性氮特性，经常用于评估 CYP2D6 活性 [3]。

与心肌中的研究结果一致 [4]，布呋洛尔 (Ro 3-4787) 具有由 NADPH 介导的双相动力学，并且在猴子破坏中的效果不如氢过氧化异丙苯 (CuOOH) 存在时的效果。

细胞色素P450 2D6（CYP2D6）是一种高度多态性的酶，代谢大量治疗药物。迄今为止，已经报道了100多种CYP2D6等位基因变异。在这些变异中，我们最近在中国人群中发现了22种新的变异。本研究的目的是在体外对这些变体的酶活性进行功能表征。杆状病毒介导的表达系统用于高水平表达野生型CYP2D6.1和其他变体（CYP2D6.2、CYP2D6.10和22种新型CYP2D6变体）。然后，将含有表达的CYP2D6蛋白的昆虫微粒体分别与Bufuralol或右美沙芬在37°C下孵育20或25分钟。终止后，提取代谢物并用于高效液相色谱检测。在测试的24个CYP2D6变体中，发现两个变体（CYP2D6.92和CYP2D6.96）没有催化活性。其余22个变体对Bufuralol1'-羟基化的内在清除值显著降低，20个变体对右美沙芬O-去甲基化的内在清理值显著低于野生型CYP2D6.1。我们的体外结果表明，与野生型相比，大多数变体的催化活性显著降低，这些数据为中国和其他亚洲人群的个性化医疗提供了有价值的信息。[2]

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代谢表型可能受到多种因素的影响，包括等位基因变异和与抑制剂的相互作用。人类CYP2D6负责大约20%的细胞色素P450介导的药物代谢，但由100多种已知变体组成；人群中常见几种变体，而其他变体则相当罕见。表达、纯化了四种CYP2D6等位基因变体，其中三种在活性位点远端具有一系列突变（*34、*17-2、*17-3），一种在活性部位附近具有突变的超代谢者（*53），以及参考*1和活性位点突变*1（Thr309Ala），并研究了它们与典型底物右美沙芬和Bufuralol以及灭活剂SCH 66712的相互作用。我们发现*34、*17-2和*17-3在产生与*1相同的代谢产物时，酶活性和NADPH偶联降低，这表明Arg296可能在NADPH偶联中发挥作用。高活性变体*53显示出与*1类似的NADPH偶联，但不易被SCH 66712灭活。Thr309Ala突变体显示出与*1相似的活性，但NADPH偶联大大减少。总体而言，这些结果表明，需要对个体CYP2D6变异进行动力学和代谢分析，以了解它们对可变药物反应的可能贡献以及个性化医疗的复杂性。[3]

(+)-Bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation, a commonly used marker of hepatic CYP2D6 activity, was investigated in human and rhesus monkey intestinal microsomes and compared with that in hepatic microsomes. The cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH)-mediated metabolism of (+)-bufuralol suggested that at least two enzymes were responsible for bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation in both human and monkey intestinal microsomes. In contrast, the kinetics of the CuOOH-mediated metabolism in human and monkey livers were monophasic. The Km values for the higher affinity component of the intestinal enzyme(s) of both species were similar to, while the corresponding Vmax values were much lower than, those obtained with the livers. Bufuralol metabolism mediated by NADPH exhibited biphasic kinetics and was less efficient than that observed in the presence of CuOOH in both human and monkey intestines, in agreement with the observations in the livers. Inhibition of bufuralol hydroxylase activity in the intestine and liver preparations from the same species by known CYP2D6 inhibitors/substrates was qualitatively similar. Quinidine was the most potent inhibitor of (+)-bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation in all tissues studied. Western immunoblots using anti-CYP2D6 peptide antibody revealed a protein band in human and monkey intestinal microsomes of the same molecular weight as that observed in the liver preparations. The intestinal CYP2D protein content appeared to be much less than that of liver, and correlated with the (+)-bufuralol hydroxylase activity. Immunoinhibition studies indicated significant (up to 50%) inhibition of the CuOOH-mediated (+)-bufuralol metabolism in human and monkey intestines only by anti-CYP2D6, and not by anti-CYP2A6, or anti-CYP2E1. Inhibition of the bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase activity by anti-rat CYP3A1 was only slight (20%) in human, but marked (60-65%) in monkey intestinal microsomes. The hepatic metabolism of (+)-bufuralol in humans and monkeys was only inhibited (75%) by anti-CYP2D6, but not by anti-CYP3A1. Overall, the results suggest that (1) tissue and species differences exist in the catalysis of (+)-bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation, and (2) CYP2D6-related enzymes are partially or primarily responsible for the bufuralol hydroxylase activity in human and monkey intestines or monkey liver[4].

Metabolites/Metabolites: Known metabolites of ibuprofen include 1',2'-vinylbuprofen, 4-hydroxybuprofen, and 6-hydroxybuprofen. Eight subjects were observed exercising 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after receiving a double-blind oral dose of placebo, ibuprofen 7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg, and propranolol 40 and 160 mg. Exercise heart rate remained stable after placebo administration. Ibuprofen 7.5 mg and propranolol 40 mg reduced exercise heart rate at 6 and 8 hours after administration, respectively, but ibuprofen 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg and propranolol 160 mg remained effective at 24 hours. Exercise heart rate reached its lowest value 2 hours after all active treatments. Ibuprofen 60 mg and 120 mg were similar to propranolol 40 mg in reducing exercise-induced tachycardia, but less effective than propranolol 160 mg. The plasma concentrations of ibuprofen and its two major metabolites were determined. Peak plasma concentrations of ibuprofen 7.5 mg were reached 1.5 hours after administration, while peak plasma concentrations of other doses were reached 2 hours after administration. The plasma elimination half-life of ibuprofen was 2.61 ± 0.18 hours in 6 subjects and 4.85 ± 0.35 hours in 3 other subjects. The peak concentration times and plasma elimination half-lives of the two metabolites were also prolonged in these 3 subjects. These results suggest that ibuprofen is a potent β-adrenergic receptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. It has a long duration of action and exhibits bimodal metabolism in humans. [1]

The oral LD50 in rats was 750 mg/kg. Behavioral effects included: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; and respiratory depression in the lungs, pleura, or respiration. (Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]). The subcutaneous LD50 in rats was 1400 mg/kg. Behavioral effects included: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; and respiratory depression in the lungs, pleura, or respiration. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]
Oral LD50 in mice: 177 mg/kg. Behavioral studies: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; lung, pleural, or respiratory: respiratory depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]
Intraperitoneal LD50 in mice: 88 mg/kg. Behavioral studies: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; lung, pleural, or respiratory: respiratory depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]
Intravenous LD50 in mice: 29700 ug/kg Behavior: seizures or effects on the epileptic threshold; Behavior: ataxia; Lungs, pleura, or respiration: respiratory depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]

[1]. T H Pringle, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies on bufuralol in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Nov;22(5):527-34.
[2]. Jie Cai, et al. Effects of 22 Novel CYP2D6 Variants Found in the Chinese Population on the Bufuralol and Dextromethorphan Metabolisms In Vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 Mar;118(3):190-9.
[3]. Sarah M Glass, et al. CYP2D6 Allelic Variants *34, *17-2, *17-3, and *53 and a Thr309Ala Mutant Display Altered Kinetics and NADPH Coupling in Metabolism of Bufuralol and Dextromethorphan and Altered Susceptibility to Inactivation by SCH 66712. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Aug;46(8):1106-1117.
[4]. T Prueksaritanont, et al. (+)-bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation activity in human and rhesus monkey intestine and liver. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Oct 26;50(9):1521-5.

C16H23NO2.HCL

297.82026

297.15

C, 64.53; H, 8.12; Cl, 11.90; N, 4.70; O, 10.74

59652-29-8

59652-29-8 (HCl); 54340-62-4; 60398-91-6 (racemic HCl)

151573

Off-white to light brown solid powder

143-146ºC

4.609

45.4

3

3

5

20

287

0

CCC1=CC=CC2=C1OC(=C2)C(CNC(C)(C)C)O.Cl

KJBONRGCLLBWCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C16H23NO2.ClH/c1-5-11-7-6-8-12-9-14(19-15(11)12)13(18)10-17-16(2,3)4;/h6-9,13,17-18H,5,10H2,1-4H3;1H

2-(tert-butylamino)-1-(7-ethyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)ethanol;hydrochloride

Bufuralol hydrochloride; 60398-91-6; Bufuralol HCl; 59652-29-8; Angium; bufuralol, hydrochloride; Bufuralol (hydrochloride); Ro-34787; Ro 34787; Ro34787; Ro3-4787; Ro 3-4787; Ro3-4787; Bufurolol hydrochloride;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。