溴芬酸（0-80 μg/mL；24 小时）以浓度依赖性方式抑制转化生长因子-β2 诱导的 HLEC-B3 上皮细胞向间质细胞的转变 [2]。在人前囊中，转化生长因子-β2 诱导的上皮间质转化受到溴芬酸（80 μg/mL；48 小时）的抑制 [2]。

用溴芬酸溶液（0.0032-3.16%；100 或 200 μL；擦在背部）处理的大鼠在浓度低至 0.1%（处理前 4 小时）或 0.32%（处理前 18 小时）时表现出显着的抗菌活性。炎症[3]。当局部应用于大鼠爪子时，溴芬酸（0.032-3.16%；100 μL）表现出剂量依赖性抗炎作用[3]。将溴芬酸（0.032-1.0%；50 μL）直接涂抹在豚鼠暴露于紫外线的皮肤区域，抑制红斑的效果比吲哚美辛高 26 倍 [3]。向大鼠未注射的爪子施用溴芬酸（0.0032-0.1%；50 μL）的剂量和持续时间都会导致后肢体积呈剂量和时间依赖性减少[3]。当向接受乙酰胆碱攻击的小鼠腹部局部给药时，溴芬酸（0.32%；50 μL）显着抑制腹部收缩[3]。在 4 周期间，溴芬酸（滴眼剂；每只眼睛 1 μL (0.09%)；每天两次）会减慢并部分减少角膜染色 [4]。

细胞活力测定[2]
细胞类型：用转化生长因子-β2处理的人前囊
测试浓度： 80 μg/mL
孵育持续时间：48小时
实验结果：抑制转化生长因子-β2诱导的上皮-间质转化（LEC）。

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细胞迁移测定[2]
细胞类型： HLEC-B3 细胞
测试浓度： 0、20、40、60 和80 μg/mL
孵育时间：24小时
实验结果：抑制转化生长因子-β2诱导的细胞迁移HLEC-B3 细胞，并表现出对上皮间质转化标志物过度表达的抑制。

Animal/Disease Models: Male SD (SD (Sprague-Dawley)) rats (150-250 g) injected with carrageenan [3]
Doses: 0.0032, 0.01, 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.16% (100 or 200 μL)
Route of Administration: 1 Carrageenan injected on back - 72 hrs (hrs (hours)) before injection
Experimental Results: Significant anti-inflammatory activity was produced when applied at 0.32% 1, 2 and 4 hrs (hrs (hours)) before carrageenan challenge. Carrageenan is effective when applied 1 or 4 hrs (hrs (hours)) before challenge, but not 0.2% when applied 24 hrs (hrs (hours)) (or more) before challenge.

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Animal/Disease Models: Male injected with Salin or BTX-B[4]
Doses: 1 μL (0.09%) per eye
Route of Administration: eye drops; 1 μL (0.09%) per eye; twice a day; 4-week
Experimental Results: Corneal fluorescein staining scores improved 4 weeks after treatment.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The plasma concentration of bromfenac following ocular administration in humans is unknown.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Milk levels of bromfenac are likely to be low with the usual oral dosage, but milk levels have not been measured after higher injectable dosages. Use caution when using bromfenac in nursing mothers, especially with the injectable drug.
Maternal use of bromfenac eye drops would not be expected to cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants. To substantially diminish the amount of drug that reaches the breastmilk after using eye drops, place pressure over the tear duct by the corner of the eye for 1 minute or more, then remove the excess solution with an absorbent tissue.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

[1]. Tetsuo Kida, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in retinochoroidal tissues in rabbits. PLoS One. 2014 May 5;9(5):e96481.
[2]. Xiaobo Zhang, et al. Drug-eluting intraocular lens with sustained bromfenac release for conquering posterior capsular opacification. Bioact Mater. 2021 Jul 23;9:343-357.
[3]. Nolan JC, et, al. The topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of bromfenac in rodents. Agents Actions. 1988 Aug; 25(1-2): 77-85.
[4]. Kaevalin Lekhanont, et al. Effects of topical anti-inflammatory agents in a botulinum toxin B-induced mouse model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;23(1):27-34.

Bromfenac is amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a non-narcotic analgesic. It is a member of benzophenones, a substituted aniline, an aromatic amino acid and an organobromine compound. It is functionally related to an amfenac. It is a conjugate acid of a bromfenac(1-).
Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for ophthalmic use. Ophthalmic NSAIDs are becoming a cornerstone for the management of ocular pain and inflammation. Their well-characterized anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic property, and established safety record have also made NSAIDs an important tool for optimizing surgical outcomes. Non-ophthalmic formulations of bromfenac were withdrawn in the US in 1998 due to cases of severe liver toxicity.
Bromfenac is a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug. The mechanism of action of bromfenac is as a Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor.
Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon ophthalmic administration, bromfenac binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase II (COX II), an enzyme which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins (PG). By inhibiting PG formation, bromfenac is able to inhibit PG-induced inflammation, thereby preventing vasodilation, leukocytosis, disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, an increase in vascular permeability and an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP).
See also: Bromfenac Sodium (has salt form); Bromfenac; prednisolone acetate (component of) ... View More ...

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Drug Indication
For the treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction.
FDA Label
Treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation following cataract extraction in adults.

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Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of its action is thought to be due to its ability to block prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 and 2. Prostaglandins have been shown in many animal models to be mediators of certain kinds of intraocular inflammation. In studies performed in animal eyes, prostaglandins have been shown to produce disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocytosis, and increased intraocular pressure.

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Pharmacodynamics
Bromfenac ophthalmic solution is a sterile, topical, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for ophthalmic use.

C15H12NO3BR

334.16468

333

91714-94-2

Bromfenac sodium;91714-93-1;Bromfenac sodium hydrate;120638-55-3

60726

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

562.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

-129ºC

293.8±30.1 °C

0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C

1.663

2.72

80.39

2

4

4

20

366

0

O=C(CC1C(N)=C(C(C2C=CC(Br)=CC=2)=O)C=CC=1)O

ZBPLOVFIXSTCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C15H12BrNO3/c16-11-6-4-9(5-7-11)15(20)12-3-1-2-10(14(12)17)8-13(18)19/h1-7H,8,17H2,(H,18,19)

2-[2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenyl]acetic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

注意: 如下所列的是一些常用的体内动物实验溶解配方，主要用于溶解难溶或不溶于水的产品（水溶度<1 mg/mL）。 建议您先取少量样品进行尝试，如该配方可行，再根据实验需求增加样品量。

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注射用配方1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*生理盐水/Saline的制备：将0.9g氯化钠/NaCl溶解在100 mL ddH ₂ O中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
注射用配方 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
示例: 以注射用配方 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) 为例说明, 如果要配制 1 mL 2.5 mg/mL的工作液, 您可以取 100 μL 25 mg/mL 澄清的 DMSO 储备液，加到 900 μL Corn oil/玉米油中, 混合均匀。

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注射用配方 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline = 10 : 90 [如：100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)]
*20% SBE-β-CD in Saline的制备（4°C，储存1周）：将2g SBE-β-CD (磺丁基-β-环糊精) 溶解于10mL生理盐水中，得到澄清溶液。
注射用配方 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (如： 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (羟丙基环胡精)→ 500 μL Saline)
注射用配方 6: DMSO : PEG300 : Castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (如： 50 μL DMSO → 100 μL PEG300 → 200 μL Castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
注射用配方 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (如： 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
注射用配方 8: 溶解于Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), 然后用生理盐水稀释。
注射用配方 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
注射用配方 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (如： 100 μL EtOH → 400 μL PEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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口服配方 1: 悬浮于0.5% CMC Na (羧甲基纤维素钠)
口服配方 2: 悬浮于0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
示例: 以口服配方 1 (悬浮于 0.5% CMC Na)为例说明, 如果要配制 100 mL 2.5 mg/mL 的工作液, 您可以先取0.5g CMC Na并将其溶解于100mL ddH2O中，得到0.5%CMC-Na澄清溶液；然后将250 mg待测化合物加到100 mL前述 0.5%CMC Na溶液中，得到悬浮液。

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口服配方 3: 溶解于 PEG400 (聚乙二醇400)
口服配方 4: 悬浮于0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 5: 溶解于0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (羧甲基纤维素)
口服配方 6: 做成粉末与食物混合

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注意: 以上为较为常见方法，仅供参考， InvivoChem并未独立验证这些配方的准确性。具体溶剂的选择首先应参照文献已报道溶解方法、配方或剂型，对于某些尚未有文献报道溶解方法的化合物，需通过前期实验来确定（建议先取少量样品进行尝试），包括产品的溶解情况、梯度设置、动物的耐受性等。

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请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解配方/方案：
1、请先配制澄清的储备液(如：用DMSO配置50 或 100 mg/mL母液(储备液));
2、取适量母液，按从左到右的顺序依次添加助溶剂，澄清后再加入下一助溶剂。以 下列配方为例说明 (注意此配方只用于说明，并不一定代表此产品 的实际溶解配方):
10% DMSO → 40% PEG300 → 5% Tween-80 → 45% ddH2O (或 saline);
假设最终工作液的体积为 1 mL, 浓度为5 mg/mL: 取 100 μL 50 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀/澄清；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀/澄清；然后继续加入450 μL ddH2O (或 saline)定容至 1 mL；
3、溶剂前显示的百分比是指该溶剂在最终溶液/工作液中的体积所占比例;
4、 如产品在配制过程中出现沉淀/析出，可通过加热(≤50℃)或超声的方式助溶;
5、为保证最佳实验结果，工作液请现配现用！
6、如不确定怎么将母液配置成体内动物实验的工作液，请查看说明书或联系我们;
7、 以上所有助溶剂都可在 Invivochem.cn网站购买。